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Choline as an Essential Nutrient—Metabolism, Requirements throughout Lifespan and Clinical...
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Choline as an Essential Nutrient—Metabolism, Requirements throughout Lifespan and Clinical Impact

A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2019) | Viewed by 41149

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Wolfgang Bernhard

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Neonatology, Neonatal Intensive Care & Pediatric Sleep Medicine, University Children’s Hospital, 72076 Tübingen, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany
Interests: critical nutrients; cystic fibrosis; preterm infant; choline; essential fatty acids; stable isotope labeling

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue focusses on choline as an essential nutrient, and as a constitutive body compound in the form of choline-containing compounds and choline derivatives. The tightly defined concentrations of choline-containing compounds, the majority of which are phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin, in cells, tissues, and many secretions, will be addressed. Similarly, the complex nature of choline functions in the form of their water- and lipid-soluble metabolites for osmotic homeostasis, defense mechanisms, intracellular signaling, epigenetics, and structural and functional organ development will be broached, and the relationship between choline and other nutrients, like folate, cobalamin, and aminoacids like homocysteine and methionine, will be discussed.

The central role of liver metabolism, bile secretion, the enterohepatic cycle, and lipoprotein metabolism in systemic phosphatidylcholine and choline homeostasis will be discussed, with special focus on the lungs, brain, and kidneys. Important issues in this context are the roles of frequent genetic differences in one-carbon/choline metabolism by single nucleotide polymorphisms, and the link between phosphatidylcholine, sphingolipid, and ceramide metabolism as a nodal point of cell regulation and tissue protection. These aspects of choline metabolism will be addressed for both rapid growth, as for the fetus and preterm infant, and for tissue homeostasis and repair, as for cystic fibrosis.

The value of stable isotope labelling, directly in children and adult volunteers and patients, combined with tandem mass spectrometry to investigate disturbances of systemic choline metabolism and its correction by supplementation, will be pointed out. In this context, the developmental and clinical impact of choline supplementation on parenchymal growth, development, and repair will be addressed exemplarily for preterm infants and cystic fibrosis patients. Finally, open questions regarding choline supplementation will be discussed.

Prof. Wolfgang Bernhard
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Nutrients is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Choline deficiency
  • Bile phosphatidylcholine
  • Parenchymal growth
  • Enterohepatic cycle
  • Cystic fibrosis
  • Preterm infant
  • Short bowel syndrome
  • Pregnancy
  • PEMT

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

13 pages, 1275 KiB  
Article
Natural Choline from Egg Yolk Phospholipids Is More Efficiently Absorbed Compared with Choline Bitartrate; Outcomes of A Randomized Trial in Healthy Adults
by Lotte Smolders, Nicole J.W. de Wit, Michiel G.J. Balvers, Rima Obeid, Marc M.M. Vissers and Diederik Esser
Nutrients 2019, 11(11), 2758; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu11112758 - 13 Nov 2019
Cited by 28 | Viewed by 10882
Abstract
Choline is a vitamin-like essential nutrient, important throughout one’s lifespan. Therefore, choline salts are added to infant formula, supplements and functional foods. However, if choline is present in a natural form, e.g. bound to phospholipids, it may be more efficiently absorbed. The study’s [...] Read more.
Choline is a vitamin-like essential nutrient, important throughout one’s lifespan. Therefore, choline salts are added to infant formula, supplements and functional foods. However, if choline is present in a natural form, e.g. bound to phospholipids, it may be more efficiently absorbed. The study’s aim was to evaluate if choline uptake is improved after consumption of an egg yolk phospholipid drink, containing 3 g of phospholipid bound choline, compared to a control drink with 3 g of choline bitartrate. We performed a randomized, double blind, cross-over trial with 18 participants. Plasma choline, betaine and dimethylglycine concentrations were determined before and up to six hours after consumption of the drinks. The plasma choline response, as determined by the incremental area under the curve, was four times higher after consumption of the egg yolk phospholipid drink compared with the control drink (p < 0.01). Similar outcomes were also observed for choline’s main metabolites, betaine (p < 0.01) and dimethylglycine (p = 0.01). Consumption of natural choline from egg yolk phospholipids improved choline absorption compared to consumption of chemically produced choline bitartrate. This information is of relevance for the food industry, instead of adding choline-salts, adding choline from egg yolk phospholipids can improve choline uptake and positively impact health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Choline as an Essential Nutrient—Metabolism, Requirements throughout Lifespan and Clinical Impact)
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9 pages, 1257 KiB  
Communication
Functional Expression of Choline Transporters in the Blood–Brain Barrier
by Masato Inazu
Nutrients 2019, 11(10), 2265; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu11102265 - 20 Sep 2019
Cited by 39 | Viewed by 8709
Abstract
Cholinergic neurons in the central nervous system play a vital role in higher brain functions, such as learning and memory. Choline is essential for the synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine by cholinergic neurons. The synthesis and metabolism of acetylcholine are important mechanisms for [...] Read more.
Cholinergic neurons in the central nervous system play a vital role in higher brain functions, such as learning and memory. Choline is essential for the synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine by cholinergic neurons. The synthesis and metabolism of acetylcholine are important mechanisms for regulating neuronal activity. Choline is a positively charged quaternary ammonium compound that requires transporters to pass through the plasma membrane. Currently, there are three groups of choline transporters with different characteristics, such as affinity for choline, tissue distribution, and sodium dependence. They include (I) polyspecific organic cation transporters (OCT1-3: SLC22A1-3) with a low affinity for choline, (II) high-affinity choline transporter 1 (CHT1: SLC5A7), and (III) choline transporter-like proteins (CTL1-5: SLC44A1-5). Brain microvascular endothelial cells, which comprise part of the blood–brain barrier, take up extracellular choline via intermediate-affinity choline transporter-like protein 1 (CTL1) and low-affinity CTL2 transporters. CTL2 is responsible for excreting a high concentration of choline taken up by the brain microvascular endothelial cells on the brain side of the blood–brain barrier. CTL2 is also highly expressed in mitochondria and may be involved in the oxidative pathway of choline metabolism. Therefore, CTL1- and CTL2-mediated choline transport to the brain through the blood–brain barrier plays an essential role in various functions of the central nervous system by acting as the rate-limiting step of cholinergic neuronal activity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Choline as an Essential Nutrient—Metabolism, Requirements throughout Lifespan and Clinical Impact)
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Graphical abstract

15 pages, 780 KiB  
Communication
Choline: Exploring the Growing Science on Its Benefits for Moms and Babies
by Hunter W. Korsmo, Xinyin Jiang and Marie A. Caudill
Nutrients 2019, 11(8), 1823; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu11081823 - 07 Aug 2019
Cited by 72 | Viewed by 20864
Abstract
The importance of ensuring adequate choline intakes during pregnancy is increasingly recognized. Choline is critical for a number of physiological processes during the prenatal period with roles in membrane biosynthesis and tissue expansion, neurotransmission and brain development, and methyl group donation and gene [...] Read more.
The importance of ensuring adequate choline intakes during pregnancy is increasingly recognized. Choline is critical for a number of physiological processes during the prenatal period with roles in membrane biosynthesis and tissue expansion, neurotransmission and brain development, and methyl group donation and gene expression. Studies in animals and humans have shown that supplementing the maternal diet with additional choline improves several pregnancy outcomes and protects against certain neural and metabolic insults. Most pregnant women in the U.S. are not achieving choline intake recommendations of 450 mg/day and would likely benefit from boosting their choline intakes through dietary and/or supplemental approaches. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Choline as an Essential Nutrient—Metabolism, Requirements throughout Lifespan and Clinical Impact)
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