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Nutrients
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Iodine: Critical Nutrients for Health throughout Life
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Iodine: Critical Nutrients for Health throughout Life

A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Micronutrients and Human Health".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (22 December 2021) | Viewed by 10874

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Antonio De La Vieja

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
Interests: thyroid; ovary; endocrinology; cancer; diabetes
Dr. Susana Ares

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
Interests: Iodine deficiency; thyroid function; endocrine disruptors; human milk; meconium; bifidobacterium

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The iodide atom (I-) has a crucial role in earth biology and as an essential micronutrient during all life stages in humans and vertebrates. Iodine is the main component of thyroid hormones, which are critical for human life since they play an essential role in development, growth, metamorphosis, and metabolism. In addition, iodine has a role as a protective agent. Its reducing properties act as antioxidants against radical oxygen species (ROS), and its conversion to hypoiodite has important properties as a bactericide as well as antiviral agent.

Iodine is a scarce element on the Earth’s surface. Rain and glaciations have carried it from the Earth's crust to the oceans for millions of years. Adequate levels of body iodine are essential in human biology and vary throughout life. Iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs) are a major public health problem worldwide, leading to serious health issues such as goiter, hypothyroidism, congenital abnormalities, impaired cognitive development, mental retardation, and even cretinism in newborns whose mothers were iodide deficient during pregnancy. On the opposite spectrum, excess iodine has been associated with conditions such as hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. IDD can be prevented with an adequate iodine diet, so an early diagnosis is essential to avoid its effects.

Iodide and thyroid hormone transport and synthesis are altered by environmental exposition to chemical disruptors that initiate or exacerbate problems associated with iodine deficiency disorders, especially during the stages of pregnancy and lactation.

This Special Issue entitled “Iodine: Critical Nutrients for Health throughout Life” aims to bring together high-quality multidisciplinary up-to-date original and review articles on the role of iodine in human pathophysiologic conditions.

Dr. Antonio De La Vieja
Dr. Susana Ares
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Nutrients is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Iodine nutrition
  • Iodine in health
  • Iodine homeostasis
  • Iodide transporters
  • Iodide deficiency disorders
  • Congenital hypothyroidism
  • Iodine epidemiology
  • Iodine in evolution
  • Iodide transport disruptors
  • Thyroid hormone disruptors
  • Cancer
  • Role of iodide thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion
  • Autoimmune thyroid diseases

Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

23 pages, 931 KiB  
Article
Iodine Content of Wild and Farmed Seafood and Its Estimated Contribution to UK Dietary Iodine Intake
by Matthew Sprague, Tsz Chong Chau and David I. Givens
Nutrients 2022, 14(1), 195; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu14010195 - 31 Dec 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 7324
Abstract
Iodine is an important nutrient for human health and development, with seafood widely acknowledged as a rich source. Demand from the increasing global population has resulted in the availability of a wider range of wild and farmed seafood. Increased aquaculture production, however, has [...] Read more.
Iodine is an important nutrient for human health and development, with seafood widely acknowledged as a rich source. Demand from the increasing global population has resulted in the availability of a wider range of wild and farmed seafood. Increased aquaculture production, however, has resulted in changes to feed ingredients that affect the nutritional quality of the final product. The present study assessed the iodine contents of wild and farmed seafood available to UK consumers and evaluated its contribution to current dietary iodine intake. Ninety-five seafood types, encompassing marine and freshwater fish and shellfish, of wild and farmed origins, were purchased from UK retailers and analysed. Iodine contents ranged from 427.4 ± 316.1 to 3.0 ± 1.6 µg·100 g−1 flesh wet weight (mean ± SD) in haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio), respectively, being in the order shellfish > marine fish > freshwater fish, with crustaceans, whitefish (Gadiformes) and bivalves contributing the greatest levels. Overall, wild fish tended to exhibit higher iodine concentrations than farmed fish, with the exception of non-fed aquaculture species (bivalves). However, no significant differences were observed between wild and farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), and turbot (Psetta maxima). In contrast, farmed European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and seabream (Sparus aurata) presented lower, and Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) higher, iodine levels than their wild counterparts, most likely due to the type and inclusion level of feed ingredients used. By following UK dietary guidelines for fish consumption, a portion of the highest oily (Atlantic mackerel, Scomber scombrus) and lean (haddock) fish species would provide two-thirds of the weekly recommended iodine intake (980 µg). In contrast, actual iodine intake from seafood consumption is estimated at only 9.4–18.0% of the UK reference nutrient intake (140 µg·day−1) across different age groups and genders, with females obtaining less than their male equivalents. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Iodine: Critical Nutrients for Health throughout Life)
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15 pages, 564 KiB  
Article
Low Urinary Iodine Concentration Is Associated with Increased Risk for Elevated Plasma Glucose in Females: An Analysis of NHANES 2011–12
by Chisom B. Ezemaduka Okoli, Henok G. Woldu and Catherine A. Peterson
Nutrients 2021, 13(12), 4523; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13124523 - 17 Dec 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2854
Abstract
Iodine intake in the US has declined in recent years. Iodine insufficiency increases the risk for inadequate thyroid hormone production and there is growing evidence that sub-clinical hypothyroidism may be disruptive to metabolic health, including insulin resistance (IR). We investigated the association between [...] Read more.
Iodine intake in the US has declined in recent years. Iodine insufficiency increases the risk for inadequate thyroid hormone production and there is growing evidence that sub-clinical hypothyroidism may be disruptive to metabolic health, including insulin resistance (IR). We investigated the association between urinary iodine concentrations (UIC), a measurement of iodine status, and IR in adults. Data from 1286 US adults (≥20 years) in the NHANES 2011–2012 were analyzed. Two subgroups (low = UIC < 100 µg/L and normal = UIC ≥ 100 µg/L) were compared for markers of IR, including fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and insulin, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C). Chi-square test, both linear and logistic regression models were used. In males, there were no significant associations between UIC and markers of IR; however, females with normal UIC had greater risks for elevated HOMA-IR (AOR = 0.56, 95% CI= 0.32–0.99) and HbA1C (AOR = 0.56, 95% CI = 0.34–0.90), while females with low UIC had a greater risk for FPG ≥ 5.6 mmol/L (AOR = 1.73, 95% CI = 1.09–2.72). Results only partially support our hypothesis that UIC is associated with the odds of IR in adults. The finding of an increased risk for elevated FPG, a marker of prediabetes, in female adults with low iodine status requires further investigation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Iodine: Critical Nutrients for Health throughout Life)
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