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Nutrients
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The Impact of Micronutrients on Kidney Disease
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The Impact of Micronutrients on Kidney Disease

A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Clinical Nutrition".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2022) | Viewed by 6360

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Denise Mafra

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Federal Fluminense University Niterói-Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Niterói 24033-900, RJ, Brazil
Interests: nutrition; chronic kidney disease; gut microbiota; inflammation; oxidative stress; hemodialysis; bioactive compounds; minerals; vitamins
Prof. Dr. Silvio Borrelli

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Nephrology Unit, Advanced Medical and Surgery Sciences, University of Campania"Luigi Vanvitelli", Piazza Miraglia, 80137 Naples, Italy
Interests: chronic kidney disease; hypertension; peritoneal dialysis; hemodialysis; electrolyte disorders
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The interest in researching micronutrients in patients with kidney diseases has increased. Most studies in renal nutrition have focused almost exclusively on the retention and removal of organic compounds. However, inorganic compounds can also induce functional disorders and have important implications for the morbidity of these patients. Abnormalities in the concentrations of trace elements, including increased As, Cd, Cu, Hg and Mo and reduced levels of Mg, Zn, Fe, Ca and Se, are linked to uremic symptoms. Vitamins are also involved in many alterations in patients with kidney diseases, such as vitamin B-12 and folic acid, which are necessary in one-carbon metabolism. Vitamins C and E can mitigate oxidative stress; vitamin K is significantly associated with the gut microbiota and coagulation; and the most studied vitamin in patients with chronic kidney disease, vitamin D, still deserves many studies regarding its supplementation.

Another critical topic is the exposure to toxic elements (air, water or contaminated food) linked to kidney dysfunction. Additionally, a crucial topic that should be discussed in the renal nutrition field is the gut microbiota and the interaction with trace elements and vitamins that is not well understood and raises essential questions about oral iron supplementation, the impact of zinc, multivitamin supplementation and also heavy metals in the gut microbiota.

The current Special Issue aims to discuss the role of micronutrients in kidney diseases. The Special Issue welcomes original research and reviews (narrative or systematic) on topics involving trace elements (Mg, Ca, Zn, Fe, Se, Cd, Hg, As) and vitamins (A, D, E, K, C, vitamin B complex) and their association with inflammation, oxidative stress, the gut microbiota, premature aging and mitochondrial dysfunction in kidney diseases.

Prof. Dr. Denise Mafra
Prof. Dr. Silvio Borrelli
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Nutrients is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • minerals
  • vitamins
  • kidney diseases
  • oxidative stress
  • gut microbiota
  • inflammation

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

14 pages, 1971 KiB  
Article
Water-Soluble Vitamins and Trace Elements Losses during On-Line Hemodiafiltration
by Alban Bévier, Etienne Novel-Catin, Emilie Blond, Solenne Pelletier, Francois Parant, Laetitia Koppe and Denis Fouque
Nutrients 2022, 14(17), 3454; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu14173454 - 23 Aug 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1990
Abstract
Maintenance hemodialysis induces water-soluble vitamins and trace elements losses, which is why recommendations regarding potential supplementation were provided, but mainly based on conventional hemodialysis. This study′s aim was to measure the water–soluble vitamins and trace element losses during one on-line post-dilution hemodiafiltration (HDF) [...] Read more.
Maintenance hemodialysis induces water-soluble vitamins and trace elements losses, which is why recommendations regarding potential supplementation were provided, but mainly based on conventional hemodialysis. This study′s aim was to measure the water–soluble vitamins and trace element losses during one on-line post-dilution hemodiafiltration (HDF) session. Thirty-nine patients under maintenance HDF were enrolled. We used the Theraflux® sampler (Theradial Corp., Orvault, France) to analyze the full session dialysate mass transfer. Blood and dialysate samples were collected before and after one HDF session to measure B1, B2, B6, B9, B12, C vitamins, zinc, and selenium concentrations. Values significantly decreased for B1 (20.2%), B2 (13%), B6 (25.4%), B9 (32.6%), C (66.6%) and selenium (6.7%). No significant differences were found for vitamin B12 and zinc. The dialysate losses per session were 1.12 ± 0.88 mg for vitamin B1, 0.28 ± 0.30 mg for B2, 0.33 ± 0.09 mg for B6, 0.3 ± 0.18 mg for B9, 147.5 ± 145.50 mg for C and 25.75 ± 6.91 mg for zinc. Vitamin B12 and selenium were under detection values. In conclusion, during a standard 4hr-HDF session, we found important losses for vitamin B1, B6, B9, C and zinc, suggesting the need for regular monitoring of plasma levels and systematic supplementation of these compounds. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Impact of Micronutrients on Kidney Disease)
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11 pages, 261 KiB  
Article
Effect of Dietary Phosphorous Restriction on Fibroblast Growth 2 Factor-23 and sKlotho Levels in Patients with Stages 1–2 Chronic Kidney Disease
by Anita Saxena, Trisha Sachan, Amit Gupta and Vishwas Kapoor
Nutrients 2022, 14(16), 3302; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu14163302 - 12 Aug 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1527
Abstract
Hyperphosphatemia has emerged as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and excess mortality in chronic kidney disease (CKD). The study evaluates the effect of dietary phosphorus (Ph) restriction (DPhR) at an early stage as a therapeutic strategy for delaying CKD progression [...] Read more.
Hyperphosphatemia has emerged as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and excess mortality in chronic kidney disease (CKD). The study evaluates the effect of dietary phosphorus (Ph) restriction (DPhR) at an early stage as a therapeutic strategy for delaying CKD progression and preventing CVD. Methods: This was a one-year interventional study conducted on 79 stage 1 and 2 CKD patients. The dietary phosphorus intake (DPhI), fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23), sKlotho and serum phosphorous (SP) levels were analyzed. Patients were categorized into two groups based on their DPhI, recommended DPhI (RPhI) with <1000 mg/day of dietary phosphorous (dietary counselling) and high DPhI (HPhI) with >1000 mg/day (dietary intervention). For comparisons of differences between the two groups, independent t-test; for correlation analysis, Pearson correlation; for identifying the significant associated risk factors for CKD, binary logistic regression analysis and for comparing the means across the three visits, repeated measures ANOVA were used for statistical analysis. Results: The mean age and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of CKD patients were 38 ± 12 years and 82.95 ± 16.93 mL/min/1.73 m2. FGF-23, SP, dietary protein and DPhI were significantly higher and sKlotho was significantly lower in HPhI group than RPhI group. In HPhI group; GFR, sKlotho, SP and FGF-23 correlated significantly with DPhI. Risk factors with a statistical bearing on the progression of CKD were animal-based diet, family history of CKD and hypertension. In HPhI group; GFR, DPhI, SP and FGF-23 levels significantly improved within the intervention period whereas a significant increase in sKlotho levels was observed in both the groups. Conclusion: Restricting DPhI emerged as a favorable therapeutic strategy for CKD patients for improving renal function and controlling hyperphosphatemia. The results of the present study may serve as the basis for future interventional studies with dietary phosphate restriction in the initial stages of CKD that would preserve renal function. Highlights: Early restriction of dietary phosphorus prevents decline in eGFR, elevation in FGF23 and increases Klotho levels. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Impact of Micronutrients on Kidney Disease)
15 pages, 1138 KiB  
Article
Plasma Nitrate and Nitrite Kinetics after Single Intake of Beetroot Juice in Adult Patients on Chronic Hemodialysis and in Healthy Volunteers: A Randomized, Single-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study
by Agustina Heredia-Martinez, Guillermo Rosa-Diez, Jorge R. Ferraris, Anna-Karin Sohlenius-Sternbeck, Carina Nihlen, Annika Olsson, Jon O. Lundberg, Eddie Weitzberg, Mattias Carlström and Rafael T. Krmar
Nutrients 2022, 14(12), 2480; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu14122480 - 15 Jun 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2125
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) contributes to maintaining normal cardiovascular and renal function. This bioactive signalling molecule is generally formed enzymatically by NO synthase in the vascular endothelium. NO bioactivity can also be attributed to dietary intake of inorganic nitrate, which is abundant in our [...] Read more.
Nitric oxide (NO) contributes to maintaining normal cardiovascular and renal function. This bioactive signalling molecule is generally formed enzymatically by NO synthase in the vascular endothelium. NO bioactivity can also be attributed to dietary intake of inorganic nitrate, which is abundant in our diet, especially in green leafy vegetables and beets. Ingested nitrate is reduced to nitrite by oral commensal bacteria and further to NO systemically. Previous studies have shown that dialysis, by means of removing nitrate and nitrite from the body, can reduce NO bioactivity. Hence, dietary intervention approaches aimed to boost the nitrate–nitrite–NO pathway may be of benefit in dialysis patients. The purpose of this study was to examine the kinetics of plasma nitrate and nitrite after a single intake of nitrate-rich concentrated beetroot juice (BJ) in adult hemodialysis (HD) patients and in age-matched healthy volunteers (HV). Eight HD patients and seven HV participated in this single center, randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Each participant received a sequential single administration of active BJ (70 mL, 400 mg nitrate) and placebo BJ (70 mL, 0 mg nitrate) in a random order separated by a washout period of seven days. For the kinetic analysis, blood samples were collected at different time-points before and up to 44 h after BJ intake. Compared with placebo, active BJ significantly increased plasma nitrate and nitrite levels both in HD patients and HV. The area under the curve and the maximal concentration of plasma nitrate, but not of nitrite, were significantly higher in HD patients as compared with HV. In both groups, active BJ ingestion did not affect blood pressure or plasma potassium levels. Both BJs were well tolerated in all participants with no adverse events reported. Our data provide useful information in planning dietary nitrate supplementation efficacy studies in patients with reduced NO bioactivity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Impact of Micronutrients on Kidney Disease)
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