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Nutrition Management for CKD (Chronic Kidney Disease)
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Nutrition Management for CKD (Chronic Kidney Disease)

A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Nutritional Epidemiology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2020) | Viewed by 81720

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Vassilios Liakopoulos

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
2nd Department of Nephrology, AHEPA Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
Interests: chronic kidney disease; cardiovascular disease; vascular calcification; diabetes mellitus; hemodialysis; peritoneal dialysis
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Evangelia Dounousi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Nephrology, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
Interests: chronic kidney disease; kidney transplant; cardiovascular disease; oxidative stress
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) constitutes a major health problem worldwide. Patients with severe CKD and dialysis patients exhibit an incredibly high risk of death, mainly due to cardiovascular disease, which is not sufficiently explained by traditional nor by non-traditional, uremia-related risk factors. With more frequent undernutrition, nutritional disorders have been associated with poor quality of life and reduced patient survival. Optimal nutritional status remains a poorly established issue, while the nutritional management of non-dialysis, dialysis, and transplanted patients is a tremendously challenging area of everyday clinical practice. The existence of other comorbidities such as diabetes and hypertension along with CKD complications such as mineral bone disease, protein-energy wasting, and inflammation disorders further complicate the management of nutrition in this heterogeneous patient population.

A new draft of the updated KDOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for Nutrition in CKD became available to the public in October 2019, aiming to frame nutritional assessment and provide recommendations based on current evidence for best practice in CKD. Although there has been progress in nutritional targets in CKD, the quality of existing evidence is rather low and hot clinical topics remain unanswered.

This Special Issue is an attempt to present a holistic approach to the nutritional management of CKD along the different stages, from non-dialysis CKD 1–5 patients to various dialysis modalities and renal transplant recipients. Therefore, we invite researchers to contribute original research or review articles and we hope that this research topic will offer insight into the nutritional management of CKD. Potential topics include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • Assessment of nutritional status (i.e., laboratory markers and methods of measurements of body composition);
  • Dietary protein intake and energy requirements;
  • Medical nutrition therapy;
  • Methods of nutritional supplementation;
  • Supplementation of micronutrients and electrolytes.

Dr. Vassilios Liakopoulos
Dr. Evangelia Dounousi
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Nutrients is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • chronic kidney disease
  • dialysis
  • nutrition
  • protein-energy wasting
  • macro- and micro-nutrients

Published Papers (16 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review, Other

3 pages, 178 KiB  
Editorial
Editorial: Nutrition Management for Chronic Kidney Disease
by Vassilios Liakopoulos and Evangelia Dounousi
Nutrients 2020, 12(12), 3852; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu12123852 - 17 Dec 2020
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2393
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) constitutes a major health problem worldwide [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition Management for CKD (Chronic Kidney Disease))

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review, Other

12 pages, 621 KiB  
Article
AGREEing on Nutritional Management of Patients with CKD—A Quality Appraisal of the Available Guidelines
by Dimitra Rafailia Bakaloudi, Lydia Chrysoula, Kalliopi Anna Poulia, Evangelia Dounousi, Vassilios Liakopoulos and Michail Chourdakis
Nutrients 2021, 13(2), 624; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13020624 - 15 Feb 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4496
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an important public health issue with increasing prevalence worldwide. Several clinical practice guidelines have been recently published regarding the nutritional management of CKD patients. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the quality of the published [...] Read more.
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an important public health issue with increasing prevalence worldwide. Several clinical practice guidelines have been recently published regarding the nutritional management of CKD patients. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the quality of the published guidelines and provide recommendation for future updates. PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar were searched for relevant guidelines and 11 clinical practice guidelines were finally included. Guidelines developed by the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral nutrition (ASPEN), the Dietitians Association of Australia (DAA), the German Society for Nutritional Medicine (DGEM), the European Best Practice Guidelines (EBPG), the European Dialysis and Transplantation Nurses Association-European Renal Care Association (EDTNA-ERCA), the European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN), the Andalusian Group for Nutrition Reflection and Investigation (GARIN) group, the National Kidney foundation-Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (KDOQI), the Italian Society of Nephrology-Association of Dieticians-Italian Association of Hemodialysis, Dialysis and Transplant (SIN-ANDID-ANED), and the Renal Association were assessed using the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE) II tool. Guidelines by KDOQI, ESPEN, and DAA were of moderate quality and the rest of them were low-quality guidelines. Our study demonstrates gaps related to the development of guidelines and therefore greater emphasis on methodological approaches is recommended. AGREE II tool can be useful to improve quality of guidelines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition Management for CKD (Chronic Kidney Disease))
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10 pages, 2267 KiB  
Article
Effects of l-Carnitine Supplementation in Patients Receiving Hemodialysis or Peritoneal Dialysis
by Masako Kuwasawa-Iwasaki, Hiroaki Io, Masahiro Muto, Saki Ichikawa, Keiichi Wakabayashi, Reo Kanda, Junichiro Nakata, Nao Nohara, Yasuhiko Tomino and Yusuke Suzuki
Nutrients 2020, 12(11), 3371; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu12113371 - 01 Nov 2020
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 5293
Abstract
l-carnitine is an important factor in fatty acid metabolism, and carnitine deficiency is common in dialysis patients. This study evaluated whether l-carnitine supplementation improved muscle spasm, cardiac function, and renal anemia in dialysis patients. Eighty Japanese outpatients (62 hemodialysis (HD) patients [...] Read more.
l-carnitine is an important factor in fatty acid metabolism, and carnitine deficiency is common in dialysis patients. This study evaluated whether l-carnitine supplementation improved muscle spasm, cardiac function, and renal anemia in dialysis patients. Eighty Japanese outpatients (62 hemodialysis (HD) patients and 18 peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients) received oral l-carnitine (600 mg/day) for 12 months; the HD patients further received intravenous l-carnitine injections (1000 mg three times/week) for 12 months, amounting to 24 months of treatment. Muscle spasm incidence was assessed using a questionnaire, and cardiac function was assessed using echocardiography. Baseline free carnitine concentrations were relatively low in patients who underwent dialysis for >4 years. Total carnitine serum concentration, free carnitine, and acylcarnitine significantly increased after oral l-carnitine treatment for 12 months, and after intravenous l-carnitine injection. There was no significant improvement in muscle spasms, although decreased muscle cramping after l-carnitine treatment was reported by 31% of patients who had undergone HD for >4 years. Hemoglobin concentrations increased significantly at 12 and 24 months in the HD group. Therefore, l-carnitine may be effective for reducing muscle cramping and improving hemoglobin levels in dialysis patients, especially those who have been undergoing dialysis for >4 years. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition Management for CKD (Chronic Kidney Disease))
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14 pages, 4811 KiB  
Article
Antihypertensive Effects of Gynura divaricata (L.) DC in Rats with Renovascular Hypertension
by Mi Hyeon Hong, Xian Jun Jin, Jung Joo Yoon, Yun Jung Lee, Hyun Cheol Oh, Ho Sub Lee, Hye Yoom Kim and Dae Gill Kang
Nutrients 2020, 12(11), 3321; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu12113321 - 29 Oct 2020
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3674
Abstract
Gynura divaricata (L.) DC (Compositae) (GD) could be found in various parts of Asia. It has been used as a traditional medicine to treat diabetes, high blood pressure, and other diseases, but its effects have not yet been scientifically confirmed. Therefore, we aimed [...] Read more.
Gynura divaricata (L.) DC (Compositae) (GD) could be found in various parts of Asia. It has been used as a traditional medicine to treat diabetes, high blood pressure, and other diseases, but its effects have not yet been scientifically confirmed. Therefore, we aimed at determining whether GD could affect renal function regulation, blood pressure, and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Cardio-renal syndrome (CRS) is a disease caused by the interaction between the kidney and the cardiovascular system, where the acute or chronic dysfunction in one organ might induce acute or chronic dysfunction of the other. This study investigated whether GD could improve cardio-renal mutual in CRS type 4 model animals, two-kidney one-clip (2K1C) renal hypertensive rats. The experiments were performed on the following six experimental groups: control rats (CONT); 2K1C rats (negative control); OMT (Olmetec, 10 mg/kg/day)-treated 2K1C rats (positive control); and 2K1C rats treated with GD extracts in three different doses (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg/day) for three weeks by oral intake. Each group consisted of 10 rats. We measured the systolic blood pressure weekly using the tail-cuff method. Urine was also individually collected from the metabolic cage to investigate the effect of GD on the kidney function, monitoring urine volume, electrolyte, osmotic pressure, and creatinine levels from the collected urine. We observed that kidney weight and urine volume, which would both display typically increased values in non-treated 2K1C animals, significantly decreased following the GD treatment (###p < 0.001 vs. 2K1C). Osmolality and electrolytes were measured in the urine to determine how renal excretory function, which is reduced in 2K1C rats, could be affected. We found that the GD treatment improved renal excretory function. Moreover, using periodic acid-Schiff staining, we confirmed that the GD treatment significantly reduced fibrosis, which is typically increased in 2K1C rats. Thus, we confirmed that the GD treatment improved kidney function in 2K1C rats. Meanwhile, we conducted blood pressure and vascular relaxation studies to determine if the GD treatment could improve cardiovascular function in 2K1C rats. The heart weight percentages of the left atrium and ventricle were significantly lower in GD-treated 2K1C rats than in non-treated 2K1C rats. These results showed that GD treatment reduced cardiac hypertrophy in 2K1C rats. Furthermore, the acetylcholine-, sodium nitroprusside-, and atrial natriuretic peptide-mediated reduction of vasodilation in 2K1C rat aortic rings was also ameliorated by GD treatment (GD 200 mg/kg/day; p < 0.01, p < 0.05, and p < 0.05 vs. 2K1C for vasodilation percentage in case of each compound). The mRNA expression in the 2K1C rat heart tissue showed that the GD treatment reduced brain-type natriuretic peptide and troponin T levels (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001 vs. 2K1C). In conclusion, this study showed that GD improved the cardiovascular and renal dysfunction observed in an innovative hypertension model, highlighting the potential of GD as a therapeutic agent for hypertension. These findings indicate that GD shows beneficial effects against high blood pressure by modulating the RAAS in the cardio-renal syndrome. Thus, it should be considered an effective traditional medicine in hypertension treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition Management for CKD (Chronic Kidney Disease))
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19 pages, 539 KiB  
Article
Nutritional Guideline for the Management of Mexican Patients with CKD and Hyperphosphatemia
by Frida Palafox-Serdán, Olinto A. Luna-Montiel, Sebastián E. Pablo-Franco, Daniela L. Guillen-Tejada, Sandra D. Carreño-Vázquez, Taísa S. Silva Pereira, Laura M. Islas Romero, Karen Villaseñor López, Ana E. Ortega-Régules and Aura M. Jiménez-Garduño
Nutrients 2020, 12(11), 3289; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu12113289 - 27 Oct 2020
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4011
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) represents a serious concern for the Mexican population since the main predisposing diseases (diabetes, hypertension, etc.) have a high prevalence in the country. The development of frequent comorbidities during CKD such as anemia, metabolic disorders, and hyperphosphatemia increases the [...] Read more.
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) represents a serious concern for the Mexican population since the main predisposing diseases (diabetes, hypertension, etc.) have a high prevalence in the country. The development of frequent comorbidities during CKD such as anemia, metabolic disorders, and hyperphosphatemia increases the costs, symptoms, and death risks of the patients. Hyperphosphatemia is likely the only CKD comorbidity in which pharmaceutical options are restricted to phosphate binders and where nutritional management seems to play an important role for the improvement of biochemical and clinical parameters. Nutritional interventions aiming to control serum phosphate levels need to be based on food tables, which should be specifically elaborated for the cultural context of each population. Until now, there are no available food charts compiling a high amount of Mexican foods and describing phosphorus content as well as the phosphate to protein ratio for nutritional management of hyperphosphatemia in CKD. In this work, we elaborate a highly complete food chart as a reference for Mexican clinicians and include charts of additives and drug phosphate contents to consider extra sources of inorganic phosphate intake. We aim to provide an easy guideline to contribute to the implementation of more nutritional interventions focusing on this population in the country. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition Management for CKD (Chronic Kidney Disease))
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10 pages, 820 KiB  
Article
24-h Urine Collection: A Relevant Tool in CKD Nutrition Evaluation
by Moustafa Abdel-Nabey, Camille Saint-Jacques, Jean-Jacques Boffa, Vincent Frochot, Marine Livrozet, Michel Daudon, Martin Flamant, Emmanuel Letavernier and Jean-Philippe Haymann
Nutrients 2020, 12(9), 2615; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu12092615 - 27 Aug 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2643
Abstract
Dietary management is a cornerstone of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) monitoring, and dietary surveys often difficult to perform. We studied in a CKD patient cohort with two years follow-up, whether validated 24-h urine ionogram would be a relevant tool for diet evaluation and [...] Read more.
Dietary management is a cornerstone of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) monitoring, and dietary surveys often difficult to perform. We studied in a CKD patient cohort with two years follow-up, whether validated 24-h urine ionogram would be a relevant tool for diet evaluation and compliance. We included 404 non-dialysis CKD patients, with three evaluations, including repeated measurements of fractional renal creatinine clearance and 24-h urine collection. Completeness of the 24-h urine collection, assessed by daily urine creatinine excretion extrapolated from fractional creatinine clearance, was 64.6%, 75.5%, and 78.2% at the first, second, and third visits, respectively. One hundred sixty-eight patients (41.6%) had three complete collections, with a measured glomerular filtration of 42.3 mL/min/1.73 m2 at baseline and prevalence of anemia and secondary hyperparathyroidism of 13.9% and 26.2%, respectively, increasing during follow-up to 15% and 31.5% (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001). The urine analysis showed at baseline a urine volume of above 2 L/day, and estimated sodium and protein intake within targets in 51.6% and 40.3% of cases, which improved during follow-up only for protein (to 45.9%, p < 0.0001). Our data suggest that a 24-h urine ionogram is an interesting, reliable tool in CKD patients for dietary monitoring to achieve target recommendation noteworthy salt and protein intake. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition Management for CKD (Chronic Kidney Disease))
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14 pages, 580 KiB  
Article
Association between Serum Uric Acid Levels, Nutritional and Antioxidant Status in Patients on Hemodialysis
by Etna Domínguez-Zambrano, José Pedraza-Chaverri, Ana Laura López-Santos, Omar Noel Medina-Campos, Cristino Cruz-Rivera, Francisco Bueno-Hernández and Angeles Espinosa-Cuevas
Nutrients 2020, 12(9), 2600; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092600 - 27 Aug 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3166
Abstract
Purpose: To determine the relationship between uric acid (UA) and nutritional and antioxidant status in hemodialysis (HD) patients, given that hyperuricemia could be an indicator of good nutritional status possibly because of the antioxidant properties of UA. Methods: Cross-sectional study with 93 patients [...] Read more.
Purpose: To determine the relationship between uric acid (UA) and nutritional and antioxidant status in hemodialysis (HD) patients, given that hyperuricemia could be an indicator of good nutritional status possibly because of the antioxidant properties of UA. Methods: Cross-sectional study with 93 patients on HD. Hyperuricemia was considered as UA ≥6.0 mg/dL in females and ≥7.0 mg/dL in males. Nutritional variables were registered. Blood samples were taken before the dialysis session to determine oxidative damage as plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and antioxidant capacity measuring 2,2-diphenyl-piclrylhidrazil radical (DPPH●) scavenging activity and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) value. Results: Patients with hyperuricemia had higher creatinine (11.9 vs. 10.5 mg/dL; p = 0.004), potassium (5.5 vs. 5.0 mg/dL; p = 0.014) levels; phase angle (5.8 vs. 4.9; p = 0.005), protein consumption (normalized protein nitrogen appearance, nPNA, 1.03 vs. 0.83; p = 0.013) than normouricemic patients. DPPH● scavenging activity was higher in hyperuricemic subjects (1.139 vs. 1.049 mM Trolox equivalents; p = 0.007); likewise, hyperuricemic subjects had less oxidant damage measured by MDA (10.6 vs. 12.7 nmol/mL; p = 0.020). Subjects with normouricemia were at higher risk of having a reactance to height (Xc/H) ratio less than 35 (OR 2.79; 95% CI, 1.1–7.017, p = 0.028); nPNA < 1.0 (OR 3.78; 95% CI, 1.4–10.2, p = 0.007), diagnosis of cachexia (OR 2.95; 95% CI, 1156–7.518, p = 0.021), potassium levels <5 (OR 2.97; 95% CI, 1.136–7.772, p = 0.023) and PA < 5.5° (OR 3.38; 95% CI, 1.309–8.749, p = 0.012.) Conclusions: Patients with hyperuricemia had higher antioxidant capacity and better nutritional status. Purines and protein restrictions in HD patients with hyperuricemia need to be reviewed individually for each patient. More studies are needed to stablish a cut point of UA levels in renal population. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition Management for CKD (Chronic Kidney Disease))
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10 pages, 436 KiB  
Article
Dietary Protein Intake and Single-Nephron Glomerular Filtration Rate
by Rina Oba, Go Kanzaki, Takaya Sasaki, Yusuke Okabayashi, Kotaro Haruhara, Kentaro Koike, Akimitsu Kobayashi, Izumi Yamamoto, Nobuo Tsuboi and Takashi Yokoo
Nutrients 2020, 12(9), 2549; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu12092549 - 23 Aug 2020
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4066
Abstract
High protein intake can increase glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in response to excretory overload, which may exacerbate the progression of kidney disease. However, the direct association between glomerular hemodynamic response at the single-nephron level and dietary protein intake has not been fully elucidated [...] Read more.
High protein intake can increase glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in response to excretory overload, which may exacerbate the progression of kidney disease. However, the direct association between glomerular hemodynamic response at the single-nephron level and dietary protein intake has not been fully elucidated in humans. In the present study, we evaluated nutritional indices associated with single-nephron GFR (SNGFR) calculated based on corrected creatinine clearance (SNGFRCr). We retrospectively identified 43 living kidney donors who underwent enhanced computed tomography and kidney biopsy at the time of donation at Jikei University Hospital in Tokyo from 2007 to 2018. Total nephron number was estimated with imaging-derived cortical volume and morphometry-derived glomerular density. SNGFRCr was calculated by dividing the corrected creatinine clearance by the number of non-sclerosed glomeruli (NglomNSG). The mean (± standard deviation) NglomNSG/kidney and SNGFRCr were 685,000 ± 242,000 and 61.0 ± 23.9 nL/min, respectively. SNGFRCr was directly associated with estimated protein intake/ideal body weight (p = 0.005) but not with body mass index, mean arterial pressure, albumin, or sodium intake. These findings indicate that greater protein intake may increase SNGFR and lead to glomerular hyperfiltration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition Management for CKD (Chronic Kidney Disease))
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11 pages, 835 KiB  
Article
Kidney-Detrimental Factors and Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate in Preterm Newborns: The Role of Nutrition
by Alice Monzani, Ilaria Crespi, Giulia Genoni, Alberto Edefonti, Giovanni Montini, Giorgio Bellomo, Federica Ferrero, Simonetta Bellone and Flavia Prodam
Nutrients 2020, 12(3), 651; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu12030651 - 28 Feb 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2265
Abstract
Background: Kidney function in preterm newborns may be impaired by many factors. Methods: 71 newborns with gestational age (GA) < 32 weeks were enrolled. Serum creatinine (sCr), cystatin C (CysC), beta-trace protein (BTP) and urea were measured at T0 (3rd day of life) [...] Read more.
Background: Kidney function in preterm newborns may be impaired by many factors. Methods: 71 newborns with gestational age (GA) < 32 weeks were enrolled. Serum creatinine (sCr), cystatin C (CysC), beta-trace protein (BTP) and urea were measured at T0 (3rd day of life) and T36 (GA 36 weeks), and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated according to different formulas at T36. Pre-natal and post-natal kidney injury risk scores were calculated. Results: Newborns with GA ≤ 28 weeks had higher sCr at T0, and lower sCr, BTP and higher urea levels at T36 (p = 0.007, p = 0.005 and p = 0.029, respectively). eGFR values were not different according to GA when calculated by the formulas using only CysC, but were higher in subjects with GA ≤ 28 weeks according to the other formulas. The post-natal score was positively correlated with eGFR according to sCr-based formulas, but the correlations did not persist when adjusted for urea levels and GA. Conclusions: CysC-based eGFR values are not influenced by GA. Post-natal score shows a direct correlation with eGFR according to sCr-based formulas, not persisting after adjustment for GA and urea levels, implying the importance of the nutritional status, since more premature subjects receive a more aggressive nutritional regimen, testified by higher urea levels. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition Management for CKD (Chronic Kidney Disease))
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Review

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15 pages, 312 KiB  
Review
Nutrition in Chronic Kidney Disease—The Role of Proteins and Specific Diets
by Mugurel Apetrii, Daniel Timofte, Luminita Voroneanu and Adrian Covic
Nutrients 2021, 13(3), 956; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13030956 - 16 Mar 2021
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 7086
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global public health burden, needing comprehensive management for preventing and delaying the progression to advanced CKD. The role of nutritional therapy as a strategy to slow CKD progression and uremia has been recommended for more than a [...] Read more.
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global public health burden, needing comprehensive management for preventing and delaying the progression to advanced CKD. The role of nutritional therapy as a strategy to slow CKD progression and uremia has been recommended for more than a century. Although a consistent body of evidence suggest a benefit of protein restriction therapy, patients’ adherence and compliance have to be considered when prescribing nutritional therapy in advanced CKD patients. Therefore, these prescriptions need to be individualized since some patients may prefer to enjoy their food without restriction, despite knowing the potential importance of dietary therapy in reducing uremic manifestations, maintaining protein-energy status. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition Management for CKD (Chronic Kidney Disease))
14 pages, 1691 KiB  
Review
Estimation of Sodium and Potassium Intake: Current Limitations and Future Perspectives
by Bigina N.R. Ginos and Rik H.G. Olde Engberink
Nutrients 2020, 12(11), 3275; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu12113275 - 26 Oct 2020
Cited by 32 | Viewed by 4188
Abstract
Globally, average dietary sodium intake is double the recommended amount, whereas potassium is often consumed in suboptimal amounts. High sodium diets are associated with increased cardiovascular and renal disease risk, while potassium may have protective properties. Consequently, patients at risk of cardiovascular and [...] Read more.
Globally, average dietary sodium intake is double the recommended amount, whereas potassium is often consumed in suboptimal amounts. High sodium diets are associated with increased cardiovascular and renal disease risk, while potassium may have protective properties. Consequently, patients at risk of cardiovascular and renal disease are urged to follow these recommendations, but dietary adherence is often low due to high sodium and low potassium content in processed foods. Adequate monitoring of intake is essential to guide dietary advice in clinical practice and can be used to investigate the relationship between intake and health outcomes. Daily sodium and potassium intake is often estimated with 24-h sodium and potassium excretion, but long-term balance studies demonstrate that this method lacks accuracy on an individual level. Dietary assessment tools and spot urine collections also exhibit poor performance when estimating individual sodium and potassium intake. Collection of multiple consecutive 24-h urines increases accuracy, but also patient burden. In this narrative review, we discuss current approaches to estimating dietary sodium and potassium intake. Additionally, we explore alternative methods that may improve test accuracy without increasing burden. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition Management for CKD (Chronic Kidney Disease))
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26 pages, 2186 KiB  
Review
The Effect of Exercise on Nutritional Status and Body Composition in Hemodialysis: A Systematic Review
by Dimitra Rafailia Bakaloudi, Antonios Siargkas, Kalliopi Anna Poulia, Evangelia Dounousi and Michail Chourdakis
Nutrients 2020, 12(10), 3071; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu12103071 - 08 Oct 2020
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 5497
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with aggravating factors which can affect both body composition and nutritional status. The purpose of the present systematic review was to investigate the potential effects of any physical activity on body composition or nutritional status among patients [...] Read more.
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with aggravating factors which can affect both body composition and nutritional status. The purpose of the present systematic review was to investigate the potential effects of any physical activity on body composition or nutritional status among patients with stage 5 CKD undergoing hemodialysis (HD). A literature search on PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Cochrane was conducted and 14 randomized clinical trials were included. Skeletal muscle index and mid-arm muscular circumference increased after resistance exercise, and the results on body mass index, % body fat, and lean body mass varied. Serum albumin and C-reactive protein, in most cases, showed a slight increase and decrease, respectively. An improvement was also observed in body strength and overall performance status. The results suggest that physical activity can be beneficial for both the body composition and nutritional status of patients undergoing HD and can help in the prevention of sarcopenia. However, further research is needed mainly in the field of nutritional status. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition Management for CKD (Chronic Kidney Disease))
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14 pages, 768 KiB  
Review
Nutritional Status in Peritoneal Dialysis: Nutritional Guidelines, Adequacy and the Management of Malnutrition
by Thomas Kiebalo, Jacqueline Holotka, Ireneusz Habura and Krzysztof Pawlaczyk
Nutrients 2020, 12(6), 1715; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu12061715 - 08 Jun 2020
Cited by 34 | Viewed by 10217
Abstract
The positive impact of nutritional status on the health and treatment adequacy of peritoneal dialyzed patients has been well established. Protein intake is an important factor used to stratify malnutrition, with inadequate intake leading to protein-energy wasting during the course of therapy. In [...] Read more.
The positive impact of nutritional status on the health and treatment adequacy of peritoneal dialyzed patients has been well established. Protein intake is an important factor used to stratify malnutrition, with inadequate intake leading to protein-energy wasting during the course of therapy. In this review, we discuss the recommendations made by nephrological societies regarding nutrition in this population of dialysis patients. Special attention is given to the intake of protein, and recommendations on the intake of micronutrients are also discussed. Furthermore, factors that may impair nutritional intake and balance are discussed, with mention of the innovative strategies utilized to combat them. In light of inconsistent recommendations that vary between each respective society, as well as a general lack of concise information, it is our intention to call for further research regarding nutritional recommendations in peritoneal dialysis (PD), as well as to advocate for clear and accessible information for patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition Management for CKD (Chronic Kidney Disease))
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11 pages, 228 KiB  
Review
Eating during the Hemodialysis Session: A Practice Improving Nutritional Status or a Risk Factor for Intradialytic Hypotension and Reduced Dialysis Adequacy?
by Eleni Fotiadou, Panagiotis I. Georgianos, Michail Chourdakis, Pantelis E. Zebekakis and Vassilios Liakopoulos
Nutrients 2020, 12(6), 1703; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu12061703 - 06 Jun 2020
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 6617
Abstract
Historically, eating during the hemodialysis treatment has been associated with increased risk for adverse intradialytic symptoms and events, risks that have resulted in the implementation of restrictive in-center nutrition policies. Recent studies, however, have recorded a shift in clinical practice with a higher [...] Read more.
Historically, eating during the hemodialysis treatment has been associated with increased risk for adverse intradialytic symptoms and events, risks that have resulted in the implementation of restrictive in-center nutrition policies. Recent studies, however, have recorded a shift in clinical practice with a higher proportion of physicians following the view that administration of intradialytic meals and supplements represents a simple and effective approach to enhance caloric intake and improve nutritional status among patients on hemodialysis. This shift towards less restrictive in-center nutrition practices is mainly supported by evidence from observational studies associating intradialytic nutritional supplementation with improvements in protein-energy wasting, inflammatory state, and health-related quality of life. In sharp contrast, earlier and recent interventional studies have documented that feeding during the hemodialysis treatment provokes a rapid postprandial decline in blood pressure and raises the incidence of symptomatic intradialytic hypotension. Furthermore, other studies have shown that postprandial redistribution in intravascular volume and enhanced blood supply to the gastrointestinal circulation may interfere with the adequacy of the delivered hemodialysis. Those who defend the position that intradialytic nutritional support is beneficial do not dispute the physiology of postprandial hemodynamic response, but they argue against its clinical significance. In this article, we provide an overview of studies that explored the effect of eating during the hemodialysis treatment on intradialytic hemodynamic stability and adequacy of the delivered hemodialysis. We reason that these risks have important clinical implications that are not counteracted by anticipated benefits of this strategy on caloric intake and nutritional status. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition Management for CKD (Chronic Kidney Disease))
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9 pages, 275 KiB  
Brief Report
Serum Uric Acid Is Positively Associated with Muscle Mass and Strength, but Not with Functional Capacity, in Kidney Transplant Patients
by João Pedro Floriano, Paula C. Nahas, Flávia M. S. de Branco, Aline S. dos Reis, Luana T. Rossato, Heitor O. Santos, Larissa S. Limirio, Sebastião R. Ferreira-Filho and Erick P. de Oliveira
Nutrients 2020, 12(8), 2390; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu12082390 - 10 Aug 2020
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3806
Abstract
Background: Our aim was to associate serum uric acid (UA) with muscle mass, strength and functional capacity in kidney transplant patients (KTPs). Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed on 113 KTPs. The fat-free mass and total and appendicular muscle mass were estimated by [...] Read more.
Background: Our aim was to associate serum uric acid (UA) with muscle mass, strength and functional capacity in kidney transplant patients (KTPs). Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed on 113 KTPs. The fat-free mass and total and appendicular muscle mass were estimated by performing a bioelectrical impedance analysis. The strength was evaluated using the handgrip strength test (HGS) and the five times sit to stand test (5STS). The functional capacity was evaluated using the 4 m walk test and the short physical performance battery (SPPB). Results: Linear regression showed that the UA levels were positively associated with the muscle mass, fat-free mass, appendicular muscle mass, muscle mass index and appendicular muscle mass index. The 5STS results (seconds) were inversely associated with the UA levels, showing that individuals with higher UA were more likely to have more strength. However, UA was not associated with the HGS, 4 m walk test and SPPB results. Conclusion: UA levels were positively associated with muscle mass and strength, but not with functional capacity, in KTPs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition Management for CKD (Chronic Kidney Disease))
25 pages, 1935 KiB  
Concept Paper
Intradialytic Nutrition and Hemodialysis Prescriptions: A Personalized Stepwise Approach
by Giorgina Barbara Piccoli, Francoise Lippi, Antioco Fois, Lurlynis Gendrot, Louise Nielsen, Jerome Vigreux, Antoine Chatrenet, Claudia D’Alessandro, Gianfranca Cabiddu and Adamasco Cupisti
Nutrients 2020, 12(3), 785; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu12030785 - 16 Mar 2020
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 9698
Abstract
Dialysis and nutrition are two sides of the same coin—dialysis depurates metabolic waste that is typically produced by food intake. Hence, dietetic restrictions are commonly imposed in order to limit potassium and phosphate and avoid fluid overload. Conversely, malnutrition is a major challenge [...] Read more.
Dialysis and nutrition are two sides of the same coin—dialysis depurates metabolic waste that is typically produced by food intake. Hence, dietetic restrictions are commonly imposed in order to limit potassium and phosphate and avoid fluid overload. Conversely, malnutrition is a major challenge and, albeit to differing degrees, all nutritional markers are associated with survival. Dialysis-related malnutrition has a multifactorial origin related to uremic syndrome and comorbidities but also to dialysis treatment. Both an insufficient dialysis dose and excessive removal are contributing factors. It is thus not surprising that dialysis alone, without proper nutritional management, often fails to be effective in combatting malnutrition. While composite indexes can be used to identify patients with poor prognosis, none is fully satisfactory, and the definitions of malnutrition and protein energy wasting are still controversial. Furthermore, most nutritional markers and interventions were assessed in hemodialysis patients, while hemodiafiltration and peritoneal dialysis have been less extensively studied. The significant loss of albumin in these two dialysis modalities makes it extremely difficult to interpret common markers and scores. Despite these problems, hemodialysis sessions represent a valuable opportunity to monitor nutritional status and prescribe nutritional interventions, and several approaches have been tried. In this concept paper, we review the current evidence on intradialytic nutrition and propose an algorithm for adapting nutritional interventions to individual patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition Management for CKD (Chronic Kidney Disease))
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