Editorial

2 pages, 208 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Spatially Supported Disaster Management: Introduction to the Special Issue “GI for Disaster Management”

by Orhan Altan, Tullio Joseph Tanzi, Madhu Chandra, Filiz Sunar and Lena Halounová

ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2020, 9(5), 314; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijgi9050314 - 08 May 2020

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This special issue explores most of the scientific issues related to spatially supported disaster management and its integration with geographical information system technologies in different disaster examples and scales [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue GI for Disaster Management)

Research

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19 pages, 4284 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Household Level Vulnerability Analysis—Index and Fuzzy Based Methods

by Martina Baučić

ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2020, 9(4), 263; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijgi9040263 - 19 Apr 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2804

Abstract

Coastal vulnerability assessment due to climate change impacts, particularly for sea level rise, has become an essential part of coastal management all over the world. For the planning and implementation of adaptation measures at the household level, large-scale analysis is necessary. The main [...] Read more.

Coastal vulnerability assessment due to climate change impacts, particularly for sea level rise, has become an essential part of coastal management all over the world. For the planning and implementation of adaptation measures at the household level, large-scale analysis is necessary. The main aim of this research is to investigate and propose a simple and viable assessment method that includes three key geospatial parameters: elevation, distance to coastline, and building footprint area. Two methods are proposed—one based on the Index method and another on fuzzy logic. While the former method standardizes the quantitative parameters to unit-less vulnerability sub-indices using functions (avoiding crisp classification) and summarizes them, the latter method turns quantitative parameters into linguistic variables and further implements fuzzy logic. For comparison purposes, a third method is considered: the existing Index method using crisp values for vulnerability sub-indices. All three methods were implemented, and the results show significant differences in their vulnerability assessments. A discussion on the advantages and disadvantages led to the following conclusion: although the fuzzy logic method satisfies almost all the requirements, a less complex method based on functions can be applied and still yields significant improvement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue GI for Disaster Management)

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15 pages, 3661 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effectiveness of Sentinel-2 in Multi-Temporal Post-Fire Monitoring When Compared with UAV Imagery

by Luís Pádua, Nathalie Guimarães, Telmo Adão, António Sousa, Emanuel Peres and Joaquim J. Sousa

ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2020, 9(4), 225; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijgi9040225 - 07 Apr 2020

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 3472

Abstract

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have become popular in recent years and are now used in a wide variety of applications. This is the logical result of certain technological developments that occurred over the last two decades, allowing UAVs to be equipped with different [...] Read more.

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have become popular in recent years and are now used in a wide variety of applications. This is the logical result of certain technological developments that occurred over the last two decades, allowing UAVs to be equipped with different types of sensors that can provide high-resolution data at relatively low prices. However, despite the success and extraordinary results achieved by the use of UAVs, traditional remote sensing platforms such as satellites continue to develop as well. Nowadays, satellites use sophisticated sensors providing data with increasingly improving spatial, temporal and radiometric resolutions. This is the case for the Sentinel-2 observation mission from the Copernicus Programme, which systematically acquires optical imagery at high spatial resolutions, with a revisiting period of five days. It therefore makes sense to think that, in some applications, satellite data may be used instead of UAV data, with all the associated benefits (extended coverage without the need to visit the area). In this study, Sentinel-2 time series data performances were evaluated in comparison with high-resolution UAV-based data, in an area affected by a fire, in 2017. Given the 10-m resolution of Sentinel-2 images, different spatial resolutions of the UAV-based data (0.25, 5 and 10 m) were used and compared to determine their similarities. The achieved results demonstrate the effectiveness of satellite data for post-fire monitoring, even at a local scale, as more cost-effective than UAV data. The Sentinel-2 results present a similar behavior to the UAV-based data for assessing burned areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue GI for Disaster Management)

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18 pages, 5041 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Recent Sea Level Change in the Black Sea from Satellite Altimetry and Tide Gauge Observations

by Nevin Betül Avşar and Şenol Hakan Kutoğlu

ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2020, 9(3), 185; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijgi9030185 - 24 Mar 2020

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5639

Abstract

Global mean sea level has been rising at an increasing rate, especially since the early 19th century in response to ocean thermal expansion and ice sheet melting. The possible consequences of sea level rise pose a significant threat to coastal cities, inhabitants, infrastructure, [...] Read more.

Global mean sea level has been rising at an increasing rate, especially since the early 19th century in response to ocean thermal expansion and ice sheet melting. The possible consequences of sea level rise pose a significant threat to coastal cities, inhabitants, infrastructure, wetlands, ecosystems, and beaches. Sea level changes are not geographically uniform. This study focuses on present-day sea level changes in the Black Sea using satellite altimetry and tide gauge data. The multi-mission gridded satellite altimetry data from January 1993 to May 2017 indicated a mean rate of sea level rise of 2.5 ± 0.5 mm/year over the entire Black Sea. However, when considering the dominant cycles of the Black Sea level time series, an apparent (significant) variation was seen until 2014, and the rise in the mean sea level has been estimated at about 3.2 ± 0.6 mm/year. Coastal sea level, which was assessed using the available data from 12 tide gauge stations, has generally risen (except for the Bourgas Station). For instance, from the western coast to the southern coast of the Black Sea, in Constantza, Sevastopol, Tuapse, Batumi, Trabzon, Amasra, Sile, and Igneada, the relative rise was 3.02, 1.56, 2.92, 3.52, 2.33, 3.43, 5.03, and 6.94 mm/year, respectively, for varying periods over 1922–2014. The highest and lowest rises in the mean level of the Black Sea were in Poti (7.01 mm/year) and in Varna (1.53 mm/year), respectively. Measurements from six Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) stations, which are very close to the tide gauges, also suggest that there were significant vertical land movements at some tide gauge locations. This study confirmed that according to the obtained average annual phase value of sea level observations, seasonal sea level variations in the Black Sea reach their maximum annual amplitude in May–June. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue GI for Disaster Management)

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20 pages, 3845 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cartographic Symbology for Crisis Mapping: A Comparative Study

by Ana Kuveždić Divjak, Almin Đapo and Boško Pribičević

ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2020, 9(3), 142; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijgi9030142 - 28 Feb 2020

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 12589

Abstract

Cartographic symbols on crisis maps serve as means of depicting information about the position, properties, and/or numerical values of objects, phenomena or actions specific to crisis mapping. Many crisis cartographic visualisations require simple, clear, categorised and visually organised symbols that can be easily [...] Read more.

Cartographic symbols on crisis maps serve as means of depicting information about the position, properties, and/or numerical values of objects, phenomena or actions specific to crisis mapping. Many crisis cartographic visualisations require simple, clear, categorised and visually organised symbols that can be easily read and understood by a wide range of crisis map users. Cartographic symbol sets for crisis mapping depend on effective graphic design, good availability (sharing and promotion, dissemination and promulgation) and standardisation (ensuring the general and repeatable use of map symbols). In this research, our aim was to examine the extent of these challenges in current cartographic symbology for crisis mapping. Through a comparative study of prominent symbol sets, we analysed efforts invested so far and proposed future directions. The results of this study may be of assistance in understanding less unified or coherent symbologies currently in use, or in revising or amplifying existing sets for future publication. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue GI for Disaster Management)

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25 pages, 18237 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Use of Mamdani Fuzzy Algorithm for Multi-Hazard Susceptibility Assessment in a Developing Urban Settlement (Mamak, Ankara, Turkey)

by Tugce Yanar, Sultan Kocaman and Candan Gokceoglu

ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2020, 9(2), 114; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijgi9020114 - 19 Feb 2020

Cited by 46 | Viewed by 6098

Abstract

Urban areas may be affected by multiple hazards, and integrated hazard susceptibility maps are needed for suitable site selection and planning. Furthermore, geological–geotechnical parameters, construction costs, and the spatial distribution of existing infrastructure should be taken into account for this purpose. Up-to-date land-use [...] Read more.

Urban areas may be affected by multiple hazards, and integrated hazard susceptibility maps are needed for suitable site selection and planning. Furthermore, geological–geotechnical parameters, construction costs, and the spatial distribution of existing infrastructure should be taken into account for this purpose. Up-to-date land-use and land-cover (LULC) maps, as well as natural hazard susceptibility maps, can be frequently obtained from high-resolution satellite sensors. In this study, an integrated hazard susceptibility assessment was performed for a developing urban settlement (Mamak District of Ankara City, Turkey) considering landslide and flood potential. The flood susceptibility map of Ankara City was produced in a previous study using modified analytical hierarchical process (M-AHP) approach. The landslide susceptibility map was produced using the logistic regression technique in this study. Sentinel-2 images were employed for generating LULC data with the random forest classification method. Topographical derivatives obtained from a high-resolution digital elevation model and lithological parameters were employed for the production of landslide susceptibility maps. For the integrated hazard susceptibility assessment, the Mamdani fuzzy algorithm was considered, and the results are discussed in the present study. The results demonstrate that multi-hazard susceptibility assessment maps for urban planning can be obtained by combining a set of expert-based and ensemble learning methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue GI for Disaster Management)

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22 pages, 14169 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mapping Impact of Tidal Flooding on Solar Salt Farming in Northern Java using a Hydrodynamic Model

by Anang Widhi Nirwansyah and Boris Braun

ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2019, 8(10), 451; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijgi8100451 - 12 Oct 2019

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4186

Abstract

The number of tidal flood events has been increasing in Indonesia in the last decade, especially along the north coast of Java. Hydrodynamic models in combination with Geographic Information System applications are used to assess the impact of high tide events upon the [...] Read more.

The number of tidal flood events has been increasing in Indonesia in the last decade, especially along the north coast of Java. Hydrodynamic models in combination with Geographic Information System applications are used to assess the impact of high tide events upon the salt production in Cirebon, West Java. Two major flood events in June 2016 and May 2018 were selected for the simulation within inputs of tidal height records, national seamless digital elevation dataset of Indonesia (DEMNAS), Indonesian gridded national bathymetry (BATNAS), and wind data from OGIMET. We used a finite method on MIKE 21 to determine peak water levels, and validation for the velocity component using TPXO9 and Tidal Model Driver (TMD). The benchmark of the inundation is taken from the maximum water level of the simulation. This study utilized ArcGIS for the spatial analysis of tidal flood distribution upon solar salt production area, particularly where the tides are dominated by local factors. The results indicated that during the peak events in June 2016 and May 2018, about 83% to 84% of salt ponds were being inundated, respectively. The accurate identification of flooded areas also provided valuable information for tidal flood assessment of marginal agriculture in data-scarce region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue GI for Disaster Management)

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Review

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23 pages, 3952 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

UAV-Based Structural Damage Mapping: A Review

by Norman Kerle, Francesco Nex, Markus Gerke, Diogo Duarte and Anand Vetrivel

ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2020, 9(1), 14; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijgi9010014 - 26 Dec 2019

Cited by 116 | Viewed by 11163

Abstract

Structural disaster damage detection and characterization is one of the oldest remote sensing challenges, and the utility of virtually every type of active and passive sensor deployed on various air- and spaceborne platforms has been assessed. The proliferation and growing sophistication of unmanned [...] Read more.

Structural disaster damage detection and characterization is one of the oldest remote sensing challenges, and the utility of virtually every type of active and passive sensor deployed on various air- and spaceborne platforms has been assessed. The proliferation and growing sophistication of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in recent years has opened up many new opportunities for damage mapping, due to the high spatial resolution, the resulting stereo images and derivatives, and the flexibility of the platform. This study provides a comprehensive review of how UAV-based damage mapping has evolved from providing simple descriptive overviews of a disaster science, to more sophisticated texture and segmentation-based approaches, and finally to studies using advanced deep learning approaches, as well as multi-temporal and multi-perspective imagery to provide comprehensive damage descriptions. The paper further reviews studies on the utility of the developed mapping strategies and image processing pipelines for first responders, focusing especially on outcomes of two recent European research projects, RECONASS (Reconstruction and Recovery Planning: Rapid and Continuously Updated Construction Damage, and Related Needs Assessment) and INACHUS (Technological and Methodological Solutions for Integrated Wide Area Situation Awareness and Survivor Localization to Support Search and Rescue Teams). Finally, recent and emerging developments are reviewed, such as recent improvements in machine learning, increasing mapping autonomy, damage mapping in interior, GPS-denied environments, the utility of UAVs for infrastructure mapping and maintenance, as well as the emergence of UAVs with robotic abilities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue GI for Disaster Management)

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