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Role of Dietary Elements in Glucose Metabolism

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A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Nutrition and Metabolism".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2021) | Viewed by 38390

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Special Issue Editor

Dr. Osama Hamdy

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Guest Editor

Joslin Diabetes Center, Adult Diabetes, One Joslin Place, Boston MA 02215
Interests: Effect of Weight Management and Nutrition Therapy on Type 2 Diabetes Short- and Long-term Lifestyle Intervention on Cardiovascular Outcomes

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Nutrition therapy has played major role in diabetes prevention and managements from the time no single medication was available for this disease up till now. Our understanding of the effects of dietary elements on glucose metabolism have been changing over the last five decades. However, it became obvious that diabetes can be efficiently prevented or managed by proper nutrition in combination with other lifestyle elements. While many controversies are still unresolved, recent basic and clinical research indicates that we are closer than ever to a better understanding of how nutrients work, how they interact with gastrointestinal microbiota, how they evoke several gastrointestinal hormones and how they impact blood glucose metabolism directly and indirectly.

Despite our understanding of the impact of different dietary patterns and nutrition elements on glucose metabolism and our knowledge of the impact of food sequence and intermittent fasting on glycemic control and insulin sensitivity, still, there are many unadjusted variables clouding our understanding of the impact of nutrition elements on diabetes.

In this Special Issue, we would like to bring readers closer to the state-of-the-art in the field of nutrition and diabetes by gathering papers that cover several aspects of nutrition science that impact glucose metabolism, especially those of immediate clinical relevance. Original research articles and reviews (systematic reviews and meta-analyses) are greatly welcome.

Dr. Osama Hamdy
Guest Editor

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Keywords

Type 2 Diabetes
Type 1 Diabetes
Nutrients
Glucose Metabolism
Glycemic Control
Dietary Pattern
Macronutrients
Micronutrients
Meal Planning
GIT Hormones

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

11 pages, 1338 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Intermittent Fasting Mimicking Nutrition Bar Extends Physiologic Ketosis in Time Restricted Eating: A Randomized, Controlled, Parallel-Arm Study

by Angie W. Huang, Min Wei, Sara Caputo, Melissa L. Wilson, Joseph Antoun and William C. Hsu

Nutrients 2021, 13(5), 1523; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13051523 - 30 Apr 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 19489

Abstract

There has been increasing interest in time-restricted eating to attain intermittent fasting’s metabolic benefits. However, a more extended daily fast poses many challenges. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of a 200-calorie fasting-mimicking diet (FMD) energy bar formulated to prolong ketogenesis and mitigate fasting-associated side effects. A randomized, controlled study was conducted comparing the impact of consuming an FMD bar vs. continued water fast, after a 15-h overnight fast. Subjects in the FMD group showed a 3-h postprandial beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) level and 4-h postprandial BHB area under the curve (AUC_0–4) that were non-inferior to those who continued with the water fast (p = 0.891 and p = 0.377, respectively). The postprandial glucose AUC_0–4 in the FMD group was non-inferior to that in the water fast group (p = 0.899). A breakfast group served as a control, which confirmed that the instrument used in home glucose and ketone monitoring functioned as expected. The results indicate that FMD bar consumption does not interfere with the physiological ketogenesis associated with overnight fasting and could be used to facilitate the practice of time-restricted eating or intermittent fasting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Dietary Elements in Glucose Metabolism)

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16 pages, 1967 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Oat Polar Lipids Improve Cardiometabolic-Related Markers after Breakfast and a Subsequent Standardized Lunch: A Randomized Crossover Study in Healthy Young Adults

by Mohammad Mukul Hossain, Juscelino Tovar, Lieselotte Cloetens, Maria T. Soria Florido, Karin Petersson, Frederic Prothon and Anne Nilsson

Nutrients 2021, 13(3), 988; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13030988 - 18 Mar 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3465

Abstract

It has been suggested that intake of polar lipids may beneficially modulate various metabolic variables. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of oat polar lipids on postprandial and second meal glycemic regulation, blood lipids, gastrointestinal hormones, and subjective appetite-related variables in healthy humans. In a randomized design, twenty healthy subjects ingested four liquid cereal-based test beverages (42 g of available carbohydrates) containing: i. 30 g of oat oil with a low concentration (4%) of polar lipids (PLL), ii. 30 g of oat oil containing a high concentration (40%) of polar lipids (PLH), iii. 30 g of rapeseed oil (RSO), and iv. no added lipids (NL). The products were served as breakfast meals followed by a standardized lunch. Test variables were measured at fasting and during 3 h after breakfast and two additional hours following a standardized lunch. PLH reduced glucose and insulin responses after breakfast (0–120 min) compared to RSO, and after lunch (210–330 min) compared to RSO and PLL (p < 0.05). Compared to RSO, PLH resulted in increased concentrations of the gut hormones GLP-1 and PYY after the standardized lunch (p < 0.05). The results suggest that oat polar lipids have potential nutraceutical properties by modulating acute and second meal postprandial metabolic responses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Dietary Elements in Glucose Metabolism)

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15 pages, 2881 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Potential of an Interorgan Network Mediated by Toxic Advanced Glycation End-Products in a Rat Model

by Shinya Inoue, Takanobu Takata, Yusuke Nakazawa, Yuka Nakamura, Xin Guo, Sohsuke Yamada, Yasuhito Ishigaki, Masayoshi Takeuchi and Katsuhito Miyazawa

Nutrients 2021, 13(1), 80; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13010080 - 29 Dec 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2687

Abstract

Excessive intake of glucose and fructose in beverages and foods containing high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) plays a significant role in the progression of lifestyle-related diseases (LSRD). Glyceraldehyde-derived advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), which have been designated as toxic AGEs (TAGE), are involved in LSRD progression. Understanding of the mechanisms underlying the effects of TAGE on gene expression in the kidneys remains limited. In this study, DNA microarray analysis and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used to investigate whether HFCS-consuming Wister rats generated increased intracellular serum TAGE levels, as well as the potential role of TAGE in liver and kidney dysfunction. HFCS consumption resulted in significant accumulation of TAGE in the serum and liver of rats, and induced changes in gene expression in the kidneys without TAGE accumulation or upregulation of receptor for AGEs (RAGE) upregulation. Changes in specific gene expression profiles in the kidney were more correlated with TAGE levels in the liver tissue than in the serum. These findings suggest a direct or indirect interaction may be present between the liver and kidneys that does not involve serum TAGE or RAGE. The involvement of internal signal transduction factors such as exosomes or cytokines without IL-1β and TNF-α is suggested to contribute to the observed changes in kidney gene expression. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Dietary Elements in Glucose Metabolism)

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14 pages, 1250 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Caffeine-Containing Energy Shots Cause Acute Impaired Glucoregulation in Adolescents

by Jane Shearer, Raylene A. Reimer, Dustin S. Hittel, Mackenzie A. Gault, Hans J. Vogel and Matthias S. Klein

Nutrients 2020, 12(12), 3850; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu12123850 - 16 Dec 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3761

Abstract

Caffeine-containing, nutritionally fortified energy shots are consumed at high rates by adolescents, yet little is known about their metabolic impact. The purpose of this study was to examine the consequences of small format, caffeinated energy shots on glucose metabolism and gastrointestinal hormone secretion in adolescents. Twenty participants aged 13–19 years participated in a double-blind, randomized cross-over study consisting of two trials separated by 1–4 weeks. Participants consumed a volume-matched caffeinated energy shot (CAF, 5 mg/kg) or a decaffeinated energy shot (DECAF) followed by a 2 h oral glucose tolerance test. Blood samples were collected and area under the curve (AUC) calculated for glucose, insulin and gut and metabolic hormones. Consumption of CAF resulted in a 25% increase in glucose and a 26% increase in insulin area under the curve (AUC, p = 0.037; p < 0.0001) compared to DECAF. No impact on gut hormones was observed. To further characterize responses, individuals were classified as either slow or fast caffeine metabolizers based on an allele score. Glucose intolerance was greater in genetically fast vs. slow caffeine metabolizers and differences between groups were supported by distinct serum metabolomics separation. Consumption of caffeine-containing energy shots results in acute impaired glucoregulation in healthy adolescents as characterized by hyperinsulinemia following an oral glucose challenge. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Dietary Elements in Glucose Metabolism)

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13 pages, 1052 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Consumption of Dairy Products in Relation to Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Chinese People: The Henan Rural Cohort Study and an Updated Meta-Analysis

by Mengying Fan, Yuqian Li, Chongjian Wang, Zhenxing Mao, Lulu Zhang, Xiu Yang, Songyang Cui and Linlin Li

Nutrients 2020, 12(12), 3827; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu12123827 - 15 Dec 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2386

Abstract

Recent studies on whether dairy consumption is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have yielded inconsistent results, so we explored the relationship between dairy consumption and T2DM through a large-sample, cross-sectional study and a meta-analysis. In the meta-analysis, summary relative risks (RRs) of 23 articles were compiled with a random effects model, and a restricted cubic spline regression model was used to explore whether there is a nonlinear relationship between dairy intake and T2DM risk. This cross-sectional study used baseline data from 38,735 participants of the Henan Rural Cohort study and the association between dairy consumption and T2DM was analyzed by a logistic regression model. The meta-analysis revealed a borderline negative significant association between total dairy intake and risk of T2DM, the RR and 95% confidence interval (CI) was 0.94; (0.89, 1.00), and the risk was lowest at 270 g daily dairy intake. In the cross-sectional study, there were 3654 T2DM patients and 68.3 percent of the respondents had no dairy intake. The average intake of dairy in the total population was 12 g per day. Fully adjusted analyses suggested positive associations, with an odds ratio (OR) comparing the highest with the zero intake of 1.34 (95% CI: 1.22, 1.48) for all participants, which was unaffected by sex. Dairy intake in rural areas of Henan province is low, and we found, in the context of overall low dairy intake, that a high intake was positively associated with T2DM, which is inconsistent with the meta-analysis results suggesting that dairy has marginal protective effects against T2DM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Dietary Elements in Glucose Metabolism)

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9 pages, 6316 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Eating Fast Has a Significant Impact on Glycemic Excursion in Healthy Women: Randomized Controlled Cross-Over Trial

by Yuuki Saito, Shizuo Kajiyama, Ayasa Nitta, Takashi Miyawaki, Shinya Matsumoto, Neiko Ozasa, Shintaro Kajiyama, Yoshitaka Hashimoto, Michiaki Fukui and Saeko Imai

Nutrients 2020, 12(9), 2767; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu12092767 - 10 Sep 2020

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5701

Abstract

Epidemiological studies have shown that self-reported fast eating increases the risk of diabetes and obesity. Our aim was to evaluate the acute effect of fast eating on glycemic parameters through conducting a randomized controlled cross-over study with young healthy women. Nineteen healthy women wore a flash glucose monitoring system for 6 days. Each participant consumed identical test meals with a different eating speed of fast eating (10 min) or slow eating (20 min) on the 4th or the 5th day. The daily glycemic parameters were compared between the 2 days. The mean amplitude of glycemic excursion (MAGE; fast eating 3.67 ± 0.31 vs. slow eating 2.67 ± 0.20 mmol/L, p < 0.01), incremental glucose peak (IGP; breakfast 2.30 ± 0.19 vs. 1.71 ± 0.12 mmol/L, p < 0.01, lunch 4.06 ± 0.33 vs. 3.13 ± 0.28 mmol/L, p < 0.01, dinner 3.87 ± 0.38 vs. 2.27 ± 0.27 mmol/L, p < 0.001), and incremental area under the curve for glucose of dinner 2 h (IAUC; 256 ± 30 vs. 128 ± 18 mmol/L × min, p < 0.001) for fast eating were all significantly higher than those for slow eating. The results suggest that fast eating is associated with higher glycemic excursion in healthy women. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Dietary Elements in Glucose Metabolism)

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