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Biopolymers-Based Nanocomposites: Preparation, Properties and Applications

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A special issue of Polymers (ISSN 2073-4360). This special issue belongs to the section "Biomacromolecules, Biobased and Biodegradable Polymers".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2022) | Viewed by 27192

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Mohamed Hassan El-Newehy

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Guest Editor

1. Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
2. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
Interests: polymer synthesis and characterization; electrospinning; nanofibers; biologically active polymers; drug delivery; controlled release; water treatment; fuel cells
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Mehrez El-Nagar

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Guest Editor

Institute of Textile Research and Technology, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
Interests: polysaccharides; tissue engineering; biocompatability; drug delivery; wastewater treatments

Prof. Dr. Muhammad Sohail Zafar

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Guest Editor

Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Al Madina Al Munawara 41311, Saudi Arabia
Interests: dental biomaterials; natural polymers; molecular biology; electrospinning; oral tissue regeneration; nanotechnology; biomolecules; clinical dentistry
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Biopolymers are particularly promising materials for a variety of applications due to their abundance, biocompatibility, and unique characteristics. The present special issue focuses on the development of highly specialised biopolymer composites in various forms, combined with or without nanoparticles, to meet the growing demands worldwide. Biopolymers have a wide range of uses in industrial, environmental monitoring, and biomedical (such as dental restorations, tissue regeneration, disease monitoring, treatments, and other healthcare applications). Because of unique tailorable and natural properties, biopolymers have received a great interest from researchers particularly in the medicinal domain globally. For example, biopolymers exhibit a high efficiency when used in treating wounds, drug delivery or as tissue engineering scaffolds. It is surprising when it is used in industrial fields such as industrial wastewater treatment, which is one of the most serious global problems due to the presence of various impurities including carcinogenic dyes and heavy metals. It is challenging to eradicate such harmful elements from water at the industrial level. Therefore, when using natural polymers with multiple functional groups, their high efficiency in removing such dyes or heavy metals is remarkable and cost-effective. The aim of this special issue is to publish the high quality and impactful research on the different applications of biopolymers that can be prepared in different forms; nanofibers, aerogel, membranes, films, hydrogels, composite and nanocomposite. The topics of this special issue include however are not limited to:

Biopolymers: grafting, modification and characterization
Biopolymer-based nanofibers
Biopolymers-based nanoparticles
Biopolymers-based nanocomposites
Biopolymers for water treatment and environmental applications (membranes, adsorbents, etc.)
Biopolymers for textile applications
Biopolymers for healthcare applications
Biopolymers for food packaging
Biopolymers for drug delivery
Biopolymers for dental and biomedical applications
Biopolymers for tissue engineering and regenerative applications
Biopolymers for antimicrobial polymers.

We hope this Special Issue will highlight the research area of biopolymers and their applications in different fields especially in biomedical field and water treatment.

Prof. Dr. Mohamed Hassan El-Newehy
Dr. Mehrez El-Nagar
Prof. Dr. Muhammad Zafar
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Polymers is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

biopolymers: grafting, modification and characterization
biopolymer-based nanofibers
biopolymers-based nanoparticles
biopolymers-based nanocomposites
biopolymers for water treatment and environmental applications (membranes, adsorbents, etc.)
biopolymers for textile applications
biopolymers for healthcare applications
biopolymers for food packaging
biopolymers for drug delivery
biopolymers for dental and biomedical applications
biopolymers for tissue engineering and regenerative applications
biopolymers for antimicrobial polymers

Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

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18 pages, 6558 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multifunctional Oxidized Succinoglycan/Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylamide) Hydrogels for Drug Delivery

by Yiluo Hu, Younghyun Shin, Sohyun Park, Jae-pil Jeong, Yohan Kim and Seunho Jung

Polymers 2023, 15(1), 122; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym15010122 - 28 Dec 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1888

Abstract

We prepared the self-healing and temperature/pH-responsive hydrogels using oxidized succinoglycan (OSG) and a poly (N-isopropyl acrylamide-co-acrylamide) [P(NIPAM-AM)] copolymer. OSG was synthesized by periodate oxidation of succinoglycan (SG) isolated directly from soil microorganisms, Sinorhizobium meliloti Rm1021. The OSG/P(NIPAM-AM) hydrogels were obtained by introducing OSG into P(NIPAM-AM) networks. The chemical structure and physical properties of these hydrogels were characterized by ATR-FTIR, XRD, TGA, and FE-SEM. The OSG/P(NIPAM-AM) hydrogels showed improved elasticity, increased thermal stability, new self-healing ability, and 4-fold enhanced tensile strength compared with the P(NIPAM-AM) hydrogels. Furthermore, the 5-FU-loaded OSG/P(NIPAM-AM) hydrogels exhibited effective temperature/pH-responsive drug release. Cytotoxicity experiments showed that the OSG/P(NIPAM-AM) hydrogels were non-toxic, suggesting that OSG/P(NIPAM-AM) hydrogels could have the potential for biomedical applications, such as stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems, wound healing, smart scaffolds, and tissue engineering. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biopolymers-Based Nanocomposites: Preparation, Properties and Applications)

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11 pages, 1452 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation and Characterization of Modified Polysulfone with Crosslinked Chitosan–Glutaraldehyde MWCNT Nanofiltration Membranes, and Evaluation of Their Capability for Salt Rejection

by Ahmed A. Alshahrani, Abeer A. El-Habeeb, Noor H. Alotaibi, Anfal A. Shaman, Wajd F. Almutairi, Samar M. Alotaibi, Hassan M. Hassan and Ibrahim Hotan Alsohaimi

Polymers 2022, 14(24), 5463; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym14245463 - 13 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1202

Abstract

Nanofiltration membranes were successfully created using multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and MWCNTs modified with amine (MWCNT-NH₂) and carboxylic groups (MWCNT-COOH). Chitosan (CHIT) and chitosan–glutaraldehyde (CHIT-G) were utilized as dispersants. Sonication, SEM, and contact angle were used to characterize the as-prepared membranes. The results revealed that the type of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT, MWCNT-COOH and MWCNT-NH₂) used as the top layer had a significant impact on membrane characteristics. The lowest contact angle was 38.6 ± 8.5 for the chitosan-G/MWCNT-COOH membrane. The surface morphology of membranes changed when carbon with carboxylic or amine groups was introduced. In addition, water permeability was greater for CHIT-G/MWCNT-COOH and CHIT-G/MWCNT-NH₂ membranes. The CHIT-G/MWCNT-COOH membrane had the highest water permeability (5.64 ± 0.27 L m⁻² h⁻¹ bar⁻¹). The findings also revealed that for all membranes, the rejection of inorganic salts was in the order R_(NaCl) > R_(MgSO4). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biopolymers-Based Nanocomposites: Preparation, Properties and Applications)

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14 pages, 5089 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of New Bio-Composite of PEO/Silk Fibroin Blends Loaded with Piezoelectric Material

by Hassan Fouad, Khalil Abdelrazek Khalil, Basheer A. Alshammari, Abdalla Abdal-hay and Nasser M. Abd El-salam

Polymers 2022, 14(19), 4209; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym14194209 - 07 Oct 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1815

Abstract

New bio-composite nanofibers composed of polyethylene oxide (PEO)/silk fibroin (SF)/barium titanate (BaTiO₃) are introduced in this study. The SF solution was added to the PEO solution to form a PEO/SF blend with different weight percentages (5, 10, 15, 20 wt.%). The PEO/15 wt.% SF blend was selected to continue the experimental plan based on the optimum nanofiber morphology. Different wt.% of BaTiO₃ particles (0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1 wt.%) were added to the PEO/15 wt.% SF blend solution, and the suspensions obtained were introduced to an electrospinning device. The fabricated tissue was characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The zeta potential of the solution and the piezoelectric performance of the fabricated tissue were characterized. A newly designed pizoTester was used to investigate piezoelectric properties. The results showed that a well-organized, smooth PEO/15 wt.% SF/0.2 wt.% BaTiO₃ nanofiber composite with low bead contents was obtained. Improved properties and electrical coupling were achieved in the newly introduced material. Electrospun PEO/15 wt.% SF/0.2 wt.% BaTiO₃ mats increased the output voltage (1150 mV) compared to pristine PEO and PEO/SF composite fibers (410 and 290 mV, respectively) upon applying 20 N force at 5 Hz frequency. The observed enhancement in piezoelectric properties suggests that the prepared composite could be a promising material in cardiac tissue engineering (CTE). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biopolymers-Based Nanocomposites: Preparation, Properties and Applications)

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15 pages, 3279 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Binding Relationship of the RdRp Enzyme to Novel Thiazole/Acid Hydrazone Hybrids Obtainable through Green Synthetic Procedure

by Jehan Y. Al-Humaidi, Mohamed G. Badrey, Ashraf A. Aly, AbdElAziz A. Nayl, Mohie E. M. Zayed, Ohoud A. Jefri and Sobhi M. Gomha

Polymers 2022, 14(15), 3160; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym14153160 - 03 Aug 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1520

Abstract

The viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) complex is used by SARS-CoV-2 for genome replication and transcription, making RdRp an interesting target for developing the antiviral treatment. Hence the current work is concerned with the green synthesis, characterization and docking study with the RdRp enzyme of the series of novel and diverse hydrazones and pyrazoles. 4-Methyl-2-(2-(1-phenylethylidene)hydrazineyl)thiazole-5-carbohydrazide was prepared and then condensed with different carbonyl compounds (aldehydes and ketones either carbocyclic aromatic or heterocyclic) afforded the corresponding hydrazide-hydrazones. The combination of the acid hydrazide with bifunctional reagents such as acetylacetone, β-ketoesters (ethyl acetoacetate and ethyl benzoylacetate) resulted in the formation of pyrazole derivatives. The synthesized compounds were all obtained through grinding method using drops of AcOH. Various analytical and spectral analyses were used to determine the structures of the prepared compounds. Molecular Operating Environment (MOE^®) version 2014.09 was used to estimate interactions between the prepared thiazole/hydrazone hybrids and RdRp obtained from the protein data bank (PDB: 7bv2) using enzyme-ligand docking for all synthesized derivatives and Remdesivir as a reference. Docking results with the RdRp enzyme revealed that the majority of the investigated drugs bind well to the enzyme via various types of interactions in comparison with the reference drug. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biopolymers-Based Nanocomposites: Preparation, Properties and Applications)

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16 pages, 2519 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fabrication and Characterization of Effective Biochar Biosorbent Derived from Agricultural Waste to Remove Cationic Dyes from Wastewater

by Asmaa Elsherbeny Moharm, Gamal A. El Naeem, Hesham M. A. Soliman, Ahmed I. Abd-Elhamid, Ali A. El-Bardan, Taher S. Kassem, AbdElAziz A. Nayl and Stefan Bräse

Polymers 2022, 14(13), 2587; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14132587 - 26 Jun 2022

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2508

Abstract

The main aim of this work is to treat sugarcane bagasse agricultural waste and prepare an efficient, promising, and eco-friendly adsorbent material. Biochar is an example of such a material, and it is an extremely versatile and eco-friendly biosorbent to treat wastewater. Crystal violet (CV)-dye and methylene blue (MB)-dye species are examples of serious organic pollutants. Herein, biochar was prepared firstly from sugarcane bagasse (SCB), and then a biochar biosorbent was synthesized through pyrolysis and surface activation with NaOH. SEM, TEM, FTIR, Raman, surface area, XRD, and EDX were used to characterize the investigated materials. The reuse of such waste materials is considered eco-friendly in nature. After that, the adsorption of MB and CV-species from synthetically prepared wastewater using treated biochar was investigated under various conditions. To demonstrate the study’s effectiveness, it was attempted to achieve optimum effectiveness at an optimum level by working with time, adsorbent dose, dye concentration, NaCl, pH, and temperature. The number of adsorbed dyes reduced as the dye concentrations increased and marginally decreased with NaCl but increased with the adsorbent dosage, pH, and temperature of the solution increased. Furthermore, it climbed for around 15 min before reaching equilibrium, indicating that all pores were almost full. Under the optimum condition, the removal perecentages of both MB and CV-dyes were ≥98%. The obtained equilibrium data was represented by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. Additionally, the thermodynamic parameters were examined at various temperatures. The results illustrated that the Langmuir isotherm was utilized to explain the experimental adsorption processes with maximum adsorption capacities of MB and CV-dyes were 114.42 and 99.50 mgg⁻¹, respectively. The kinetic data were estimated by pseudo-first and pseudo-second-order equations. The best correlation coefficients of the investigated adsorption processes were described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Finally, the data obtained were compared with some works published during the last four years. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biopolymers-Based Nanocomposites: Preparation, Properties and Applications)

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15 pages, 7100 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antidiabetic Wound Dressing Materials Based on Cellulosic Fabrics Loaded with Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesized by Solid-State Method

by Hany Elsawy, Azza Sedky, Manal F. Abou Taleb and Mohamed H. El-Newehy

Polymers 2022, 14(11), 2168; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym14112168 - 27 May 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1768

Abstract

The current study aims for the use of the solid-state technique as an efficient way for the preparation of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) as an antimicrobial agent with high concentration using sodium alginate as stabilizing agent. ZnONPs were prepared with three different concentrations: ZnONPs-1, ZnONPs-2, and ZnONPs-3 (attributed to the utilized different concentrations of zinc acetate, 1.5, 3 and 4.5 g, respectively). The as-fabricated ZnONPs (ZnONPs-1, ZnONPs-2, and ZnONPs-3) were used for the treatment of cellulosic fabrics as dressing materials for the diabetic wounds. DLS findings illustrated that the as-prepared ZnONPs exhibited average particle size equal to 78, 117, and 144 nm, respectively. The data also showed that all the formulated ZnONPs were formed with good stability (above −30 mv). The topographical images of cellulosic fabrics loaded with ZnONPs that were obtained by SEM confirmed the deposition of nanoparticles onto the surface of cellulosic fabrics with no noticeable agglomeration. The findings also outlined that the treated cellulosic fabrics dressings were proven to have enhanced bactericidal characteristics against the pathogenic microorganisms. The finding of wound contraction for the diabetic rats was measured after 21 days and reached 93.5% after treating the diabetic wound with cotton fabrics containing ZnONPs-2. Ultimately, the generated wound dressing (cellulosic fabrics loaded with ZnONPs) offers considerable promise for treating the wound infections and might be examined as a viable alternative to antibiotics and topical wound treatments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biopolymers-Based Nanocomposites: Preparation, Properties and Applications)

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16 pages, 4059 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phyto-Assisted Assembly of Metal Nanoparticles in Chitosan Matrix Using S. argel Leaf Extract and Its Application for Catalytic Oxidation of Benzyl Alcohol

by Amel Taha and Enshirah Da’na

Polymers 2022, 14(4), 766; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym14040766 - 16 Feb 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1938

Abstract

The design and synthesis of eco-friendly solid-supported metal nanoparticles with remarkable stability and catalytic performance have gained much attention for both industrial and environmental applications. This study provides a novel, low-cost, simple, and eco-friendly approach for decorating cross-linked chitosan with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), greenly prepared with Solenostemma argel (S. argel) leaf extract under mild conditions. Glutaraldehyde-modified chitosan beads were used to coordinate with Au(III) ions and act as stabilizing agents, and S. argel leaf extract was used as a cost-effective phyto-reducing agent to reduce gold ions to elemental Au nanoparticles. The successful cross-linking of chitosan with glutaraldehyde, the coordination of Au(III) ions into the chitosan matrix, and the phytochemical reduction of Au(III) to Au nanoparticles were investigated via FT-IR spectroscopy. The obtained Au nanoparticles have a uniform spherical shape and size <10 nm, as confirmed by both X-ray diffraction (XRD) (~8.8 nm) and TEM (6.0 ± 3 nm). The uniformity of the AuNPs’ size was confirmed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transition Electron Microscopy (TEM). The powder X-ray diffraction technique showed crystalline AuNPs with a face-centered cubic structure. The elemental analysis and the Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) analysis both confirmed the successful integration of Au nanoparticles with the chitosan network. The catalytic activity of this highly stable nanocomposite was systematically investigated via the selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde. Results showed a remarkable conversion (97%) and excellent selectivity (99%) in the formation of benzaldehyde over other side products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biopolymers-Based Nanocomposites: Preparation, Properties and Applications)

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26 pages, 8083 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Metronidazole Topically Immobilized Electrospun Nanofibrous Scaffold: Novel Secondary Intention Wound Healing Accelerator

by Ahmed A. El-Shanshory, Mona M. Agwa, Ahmed I. Abd-Elhamid, Hesham M. A. Soliman, Xiumei Mo and El-Refaie Kenawy

Polymers 2022, 14(3), 454; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym14030454 - 23 Jan 2022

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 4747

Abstract

The process of secondary intention wound healing includes long repair and healing time. Electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds have shown potential for wound dressing. Biopolymers have gained much attention due to their remarkable characteristics such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, non-immunogenicity and nontoxicity. This study anticipated to develop a new composite metronidazole (MTZ) immobilized nanofibrous scaffold based on poly (3-hydroxy butyrate) (PHB) and Gelatin (Gel) to be utilized as a novel secondary intention wound healing accelerator. Herein, PHB and Gel were mixed together at different weight ratios to prepare polymer solutions with final concentration of (7%), loaded with two different concentrations 5% (Z₁) and 10% (Z₂) of MTZ. Nanofibrous scaffolds were obtained by manipulating electrospinning technique. The properties of MTZ immobilized PHB/Gel nanofibrous scaffold were evaluated (SEM, FTIR, TGA, water uptake, contact angle, porosity, mechanical properties and antibacterial activity). Additionally, in vitro cytocompatibility of the obtained nanofibrous scaffolds were assessed by using the cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8 assay). Moreover, in vivo wound healing experiments revealed that the prepared nanofibrous scaffold highly augmented the transforming growth factor (TGF-β) signaling pathway, moderately suppressed the pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-6). These results indicate that MTZ immobilized PHB/Gel nanofibrous scaffold significantly boost accelerating secondary intention wound healing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biopolymers-Based Nanocomposites: Preparation, Properties and Applications)

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Review

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31 pages, 3883 KiB

Open AccessReview

Review of the Recent Advances in Electrospun Nanofibers Applications in Water Purification

by AbdElAziz A. Nayl, Ahmed I. Abd-Elhamid, Nasser S. Awwad, Mohamed A. Abdelgawad, Jinglei Wu, Xiumei Mo, Sobhi M. Gomha, Ashraf A. Aly and Stefan Bräse

Polymers 2022, 14(8), 1594; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym14081594 - 14 Apr 2022

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 4727

Abstract

Recently, nanofibers have come to be considered one of the sustainable routes with enormous applicability in different fields, such as wastewater treatment. Electrospun nanofibers can be fabricated from various materials, such as synthetic and natural polymers, and contribute to the synthesis of novel nanomaterials and nanocomposites. Therefore, they have promising properties, such as an interconnected porous structure, light weight, high porosity, and large surface area, and are easily modified with other polymeric materials or nanomaterials to enhance their suitability for specific applications. As such, this review surveys recent progress made in the use of electrospun nanofibers to purify polluted water, wherein the distinctive characteristics of this type of nanofiber are essential when using them to remove organic and inorganic pollutants from wastewater, as well as for oil/water (O/W) separation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biopolymers-Based Nanocomposites: Preparation, Properties and Applications)

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38 pages, 3300 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recent Progress and Potential Biomedical Applications of Electrospun Nanofibers in Regeneration of Tissues and Organs

by AbdElAziz A. Nayl, Ahmed I. Abd-Elhamid, Nasser S. Awwad, Mohamed A. Abdelgawad, Jinglei Wu, Xiumei Mo, Sobhi M. Gomha, Ashraf A. Aly and Stefan Bräse

Polymers 2022, 14(8), 1508; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym14081508 - 07 Apr 2022

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3257

Abstract

Electrospun techniques are promising and flexible technologies to fabricate ultrafine fiber/nanofiber materials from diverse materials with unique characteristics under optimum conditions. These fabricated fibers/nanofibers via electrospinning can be easily assembled into several shapes of three-dimensional (3D) structures and can be combined with other nanomaterials. Therefore, electrospun nanofibers, with their structural and functional advantages, have gained considerable attention from scientific communities as suitable candidates in biomedical fields, such as the regeneration of tissues and organs, where they can mimic the network structure of collagen fiber in its natural extracellular matrix(es). Due to these special features, electrospinning has been revolutionized as a successful technique to fabricate such nanomaterials from polymer media. Therefore, this review reports on recent progress in electrospun nanofibers and their applications in various biomedical fields, such as bone cell proliferation, nerve regeneration, and vascular tissue, and skin tissue, engineering. The functionalization of the fabricated electrospun nanofibers with different materials furnishes them with promising properties to enhance their employment in various fields of biomedical applications. Finally, we highlight the challenges and outlooks to improve and enhance the application of electrospun nanofibers in these applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biopolymers-Based Nanocomposites: Preparation, Properties and Applications)

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