Submit to IJMS Review for IJMS Propose a Special Issue

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Immunopathology of Atherosclerosis and Related Diseases: Focus on Molecular Biology

Special Issue Editors
Special Issue Information
Keywords
Published Papers

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Immunology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2020) | Viewed by 43674

Share This Special Issue

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Alexander N. Orekhov

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

1. Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiiskaya Street, 125315 Moscow, Russia
2. Laboratory of Infection Pathology and Molecular Microecology, Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsyurupa Street, 117418 Moscow, Russia
Interests: atherosclerosis; mitophagy; atherogenicity; autoantibodies; inflammation; innate immunity; cell test; macrophage; membrane transport; modified low density lipoprotein; monocyte; transcriptome; trans-sialydase; enzymatic test; cytokine; epigenetics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Lipid-lowering therapy (primarily statins) was revolutionary at one time by opening up the possibility of therapeutic regression of atherosclerosis. However, atherosclerosis and related diseases are multifactorial, which requires the search for new nonlipid therapeutic targets. Anti-inflammatory therapy with a monoclonal antibody that targets IL-1b (the CANTOS study) possesses significant cardiovascular benefits without affecting lipid levels. These findings have forced us to seriously turn towards anti-inflammatory therapy at the immune level. The ideas of Rokitansky and Virchow (19th century) about atherosclerosis as an inflammatory process again became popular along with Anichkov's cholesterol theory (early 20th century). Current knowledge links lipid-induced activation of the innate and adaptive immunity in the chronic inflammation that explains many mechanisms of atherogenesis, including the role of immune cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and a variety of effector molecules, including cytokines. This Special Issue is focused on the current progress in genetic studies, drug discovery, and drug application in atherosclerotic diseases. In recent years, great advances in genetic studies and the accumulating pool of available data have made possible the discovery of molecular mechanisms of a number of chronic human pathologies, investigation of genetic predispositions to various disorders, and identification of numerous potential therapeutic targets. This progress in turn has been followed by a number of preclinical and clinical trials that collect important data on the safety and efficacy of new drugs. Research articles provide numerous examples of successful development and application of drugs and gene therapies of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and other human pathologies. Moreover, a significant amount of data is coming from clinical applications and molecular studies of traditional medicines.

Prof. Dr. Alexander N. Orekhov
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Molecular Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. There is an Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal. For details about the APC please see here. Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

Arterial hypertension
Atherogenesis
Atherogenic antigens
Atherosclerosis
Coronary heart disease
Dendritic cells
Diabetes mellitus
Genetic markers
Innate and adaptive immune systems
Lipoprotein metabolism
Metabolic syndrome
Mitochondrion
Neurodegenerative diseases
Stroke

Published Papers (11 papers)

Download All Papers

Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review

6 pages, 544 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Immunopathology of Atherosclerosis and Related Diseases: Focus on Molecular Biology

by Evgeny E. Bezsonov, Igor A. Sobenin and Alexander N. Orekhov

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(8), 4080; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms22084080 - 15 Apr 2021

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 2128

Abstract

In this Special Issue of the International Journal of Molecular Sciences, we include insightful reviews and research papers on the subject “Immunopathology of Atherosclerosis and Related Diseases: Focus on Molecular Biology”.[...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunopathology of Atherosclerosis and Related Diseases: Focus on Molecular Biology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

15 pages, 3791 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chronic Kidney Disease-Associated Inflammation Increases the Risks of Acute Kidney Injury and Mortality after Cardiac Surgery

by Angela Casas, Adrián Mallén, Arnau Blasco-Lucas, Fabrizio Sbraga, Jordi Guiteras, Núria Bolaños, Esther Castaño, Joan Torras, Josep M. Cruzado, Estanislao Navarro and Miguel Hueso

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(24), 9689; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms21249689 - 18 Dec 2020

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2187

Abstract

Cardiovascular mortality increases with decreasing renal function although the cause is yet unknown. Here, we have investigated whether low chronic inflammation in chronic kidney diseases (CKD) could contribute to increased risk for coronary artery diseases (CAD). Thus, a prospective case–control study was conducted in patients with CAD and CKD undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery with the aim of detecting differences in cardiovascular outcomes, epicardial adipose tissue volume, and inflammatory marker activity associated with renal dysfunction. Expression of membrane CD14 and CD16, inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases and hsa-miR-30a-5p were analyzed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Epicardial fat volume and tissue inflammation in perivascular adipose tissue and in the aorta were also studied. In the present study, 151 patients were included, 110 with CAD (51 with CKD) and 41 nonCAD controls (15 with CKD). CKD increased the risk of cardiac surgery–associated acute kidney injury (CSA-AKI) as well as the 30-day mortality after cardiac surgery. Higher counts of CD14⁺⁺CD16⁺ monocytes were associated with vascular inflammation, with an increased expression of IL1β, and with CKD in CAD patients. Expression of hsa-miR-30a-5p was correlated with hypertension. We conclude that CKD patients show an increased risk of CSA-AKI and mortality after cardiovascular surgery, associated with the expansion of the CD14⁺⁺CD16⁺ subset of proinflammatory monocytes and with IL1β expression. We propose that inflammation associated with CKD may contribute to atherosclerosis (ATH) pathogenesis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunopathology of Atherosclerosis and Related Diseases: Focus on Molecular Biology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 3785 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prediction Power on Cardiovascular Disease of Neuroimmune Guidance Cues Expression by Peripheral Blood Monocytes Determined by Machine-Learning Methods

by Huayu Zhang, Edwin O. W. Bredewold, Dianne Vreeken, Jacques. M. G. J. Duijs, Hetty C. de Boer, Adriaan O. Kraaijeveld, J. Wouter Jukema, Nico H. Pijls, Johannes Waltenberger, Erik A.L. Biessen, Eric P. van der Veer, Anton Jan van Zonneveld and Janine M. van Gils

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(17), 6364; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms21176364 - 02 Sep 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2280

Abstract

Atherosclerosis is the underlying pathology in a major part of cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of mortality in developed countries. The infiltration of monocytes into the vessel walls of large arteries is a key denominator of atherogenesis, making monocytes accountable for the development of atherosclerosis. With the development of high-throughput transcriptome profiling platforms and cytometric methods for circulating cells, it is now feasible to study in-depth the predicted functional change of circulating monocytes reflected by changes of gene expression in certain pathways and correlate the changes to disease outcome. Neuroimmune guidance cues comprise a group of circulating- and cell membrane-associated signaling proteins that are progressively involved in monocyte functions. Here, we employed the CIRCULATING CELLS study cohort to classify cardiovascular disease patients and healthy individuals in relation to their expression of neuroimmune guidance cues in circulating monocytes. To cope with the complexity of human datasets featured by noisy data, nonlinearity and multidimensionality, we assessed various machine-learning methods. Of these, the linear discriminant analysis, Naïve Bayesian model and stochastic gradient boost model yielded perfect or near-perfect sensibility and specificity and revealed that expression levels of the neuroimmune guidance cues SEMA6B, SEMA6D and EPHA2 in circulating monocytes were of predictive values for cardiovascular disease outcome. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunopathology of Atherosclerosis and Related Diseases: Focus on Molecular Biology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 991 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitor Inhibits Foam Cell Formation of Macrophages in Type 1 Diabetes via Suppression of CD36 and ACAT-1 Expression

by Michishige Terasaki, Hironori Yashima, Yusaku Mori, Tomomi Saito, Takanori Matsui, Munenori Hiromura, Hideki Kushima, Naoya Osaka, Makoto Ohara, Tomoyasu Fukui, Tsutomu Hirano and Sho-ichi Yamagishi

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(13), 4811; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms21134811 - 07 Jul 2020

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 2915

Abstract

Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors have been reported to play a protective role against atherosclerosis in both animal models and patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, since T2D is associated with dyslipidemia, hypertension and insulin resistance, part of which are ameliorated by DPP-4 inhibitors, it remains unclear whether DPP-4 inhibitors could have anti-atherosclerotic properties directly by attenuating the harmful effects of hyperglycemia. Therefore, we examined whether a DPP-4 inhibitor, teneligliptin, could suppress oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) uptake, foam cell formation, CD36 and acyl-coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase-1 (ACAT-1) gene expression of macrophages isolated from streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes (T1D) mice and T1D patients as well as advanced glycation end product (AGE)-exposed mouse peritoneal macrophages and THP-1 cells. Foam cell formation, CD36 and ACAT-1 gene expression of macrophages derived from T1D mice or patients increased compared with those from non-diabetic controls, all of which were inhibited by 10 nmol/L teneligliptin. AGEs mimicked the effects of T1D; teneligliptin attenuated all the deleterious effects of AGEs in mouse macrophages and THP-1 cells. Our present findings suggest that teneligliptin may inhibit foam cell formation of macrophages in T1D via suppression of CD36 and ACAT-1 gene expression partly by attenuating the harmful effects of AGEs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunopathology of Atherosclerosis and Related Diseases: Focus on Molecular Biology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

7 pages, 923 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Glyceraldehyde-Derived Pyridinium Evokes Renal Tubular Cell Damage via RAGE Interaction

by Ami Sotokawauchi, Nobutaka Nakamura, Takanori Matsui, Yuichiro Higashimoto and Sho-ichi Yamagishi

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(7), 2604; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms21072604 - 09 Apr 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2360

Abstract

Glyceraldehyde-derived advanced glycation end products (glycer-AGEs) contribute to proximal tubulopathy in diabetes. However, what glycer-AGE structure could evoke tubular cell damage remains unknown. We first examined if deleterious effects of glycer-AGEs on reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in proximal tubular cells were blocked by DNA-aptamer that could bind to glyceraldehyde-derived pyridinium (GLAP) (GLAP-aptamer), and then investigated whether and how GLAP caused proximal tubular cell injury. GLAP-aptamer and AGE-aptamer raised against glycer-AGEs were prepared using a systemic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment. The binding affinity of GLAP-aptamer to glycer-AGEs was measured with a bio-layer interferometry. ROS generation was evaluated using fluorescent probes. Gene expression was analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). GLAP-aptamer bound to glycer-AGEs with a dissociation constant of 7.7 × 10⁻⁵ M. GLAP-aptamer, glycer-AGE-aptamer, or antibodies directed against receptor for glycer-AGEs (RAGE) completely prevented glycer-AGE- or GLAP-induced increase in ROS generation, MCP-1, PAI-1, or RAGE gene expression in tubular cells. Our present results suggest that GLAP is one of the structurally distinct glycer-AGEs, which may mediate oxidative stress and inflammatory reactions in glycer-AGE-exposed tubular cells. Blockade of the interaction of GLAP-RAGE by GLAP-aptamer may be a therapeutic target for proximal tubulopathy in diabetic nephropathy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunopathology of Atherosclerosis and Related Diseases: Focus on Molecular Biology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Review

Jump to: Editorial, Research

30 pages, 1446 KiB

Open AccessReview

Mutual Interplay of Host Immune System and Gut Microbiota in the Immunopathology of Atherosclerosis

by Chih-Fan Yeh, Ying-Hsien Chen, Sheng-Fu Liu, Hsien-Li Kao, Ming-Shiang Wu, Kai-Chien Yang and Wei-Kai Wu

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(22), 8729; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms21228729 - 19 Nov 2020

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4893

Abstract

Inflammation is the key for the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Accumulating evidence has revealed that an altered gut microbiome (dysbiosis) triggers both local and systemic inflammation to cause chronic inflammatory diseases, including atherosclerosis. There have been some microbiome-relevant pro-inflammatory mechanisms proposed to link the relationships between dysbiosis and atherosclerosis such as gut permeability disruption, trigger of innate immunity from lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and generation of proatherogenic metabolites, such as trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO). Meanwhile, immune responses, such as inflammasome activation and cytokine production, could reshape both composition and function of the microbiota. In fact, the immune system delicately modulates the interplay between microbiota and atherogenesis. Recent clinical trials have suggested the potential of immunomodulation as a treatment strategy of atherosclerosis. Here in this review, we present current knowledge regarding to the roles of microbiota in contributing atherosclerotic pathogenesis and highlight translational perspectives by discussing the mutual interplay between microbiota and immune system on atherogenesis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunopathology of Atherosclerosis and Related Diseases: Focus on Molecular Biology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

26 pages, 1361 KiB

Open AccessReview

Search for Reliable Circulating Biomarkers to Predict Carotid Plaque Vulnerability

by Núria Puig, Elena Jiménez-Xarrié, Pol Camps-Renom and Sonia Benitez

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(21), 8236; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms21218236 - 03 Nov 2020

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 3332

Abstract

Atherosclerosis is responsible for 20% of ischemic strokes, and the plaques from the internal carotid artery the most frequently involved. Lipoproteins play a key role in carotid atherosclerosis since lipid accumulation contributes to plaque progression and chronic inflammation, both factors leading to plaque vulnerability. Carotid revascularization to prevent future vascular events is reasonable in some patients with high-grade carotid stenosis. However, the degree of stenosis alone is not sufficient to decide upon the best clinical management in some situations. In this context, it is essential to further characterize plaque vulnerability, according to specific characteristics (lipid-rich core, fibrous cap thinning, intraplaque hemorrhage). Although these features can be partly detected by imaging techniques, identifying carotid plaque vulnerability is still challenging. Therefore, the study of circulating biomarkers could provide adjunctive criteria to predict the risk of atherothrombotic stroke. In this regard, several molecules have been found altered, but reliable biomarkers have not been clearly established yet. The current review discusses the concept of vulnerable carotid plaque, and collects existing information about putative circulating biomarkers, being particularly focused on lipid-related and inflammatory molecules. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunopathology of Atherosclerosis and Related Diseases: Focus on Molecular Biology)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

15 pages, 641 KiB

Open AccessReview

Clonal Hematopoiesis, Cardiovascular Diseases and Hematopoietic Stem Cells

by Oleg Kandarakov and Alexander Belyavsky

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(21), 7902; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms21217902 - 24 Oct 2020

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3553

Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases and cancer, the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the elderly, share some common mechanisms, in particular inflammation, contributing to their progression and pathogenesis. However, somatic mutagenesis, a driving force in cancer development, has not been generally considered as an important factor in cardiovascular disease pathology. Recent studies demonstrated that during normal aging, somatic mutagenesis occurs in blood cells, often resulting in expansion of mutant clones that dominate hematopoiesis at advanced age. This clonal hematopoiesis is primarily associated with mutations in certain leukemia-related driver genes and, being by itself relatively benign, not only increases the risks of subsequent malignant hematopoietic transformation, but, unexpectedly, has a significant impact on progression of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we discuss the phenomenon of clonal hematopoiesis, the most important genes involved in it, its impact on cardiovascular diseases, and relevant aspects of hematopoietic stem cell biology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunopathology of Atherosclerosis and Related Diseases: Focus on Molecular Biology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 1134 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Shear Stress-Induced Activation of von Willebrand Factor and Cardiovascular Pathology

by Sergey Okhota, Ivan Melnikov, Yuliya Avtaeva, Sergey Kozlov and Zufar Gabbasov

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(20), 7804; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms21207804 - 21 Oct 2020

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 7491

Abstract

The von Willebrand factor (vWF) is a plasma protein that mediates platelet adhesion and leukocyte recruitment to vascular injury sites and carries coagulation factor VIII, a building block of the intrinsic pathway of coagulation. The presence of ultra-large multimers of vWF in the bloodstream is associated with spontaneous thrombosis, whereas its deficiency leads to bleeding. In cardiovascular pathology, the progression of the heart valve disease results in vWF deficiency and cryptogenic gastrointestinal bleeding. The association between higher plasma levels of vWF and thrombotic complications of coronary artery disease was described. Of note, it is not the plasma levels that are crucial for vWF hemostatic activity, but vWF activation, triggered by a rise in shear rates. vWF becomes highly reactive with platelets upon unfolding into a stretched conformation, at shear rates above the critical value (more than 5000 s⁻¹), which might occur at sites of arterial stenosis and injury. The activation of vWF and its counterbalance by ADAMTS-13, the vWF-cleaving protease, might contribute to complications of cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we discuss vWF involvement in complications of cardiovascular diseases and possible diagnostic and treatment approaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunopathology of Atherosclerosis and Related Diseases: Focus on Molecular Biology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 1737 KiB

Open AccessReview

Is the Retinol-Binding Protein 4 a Possible Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Diseases in Obesity?

by Anna Maria Rychter, Marzena Skrzypczak-Zielińska, Aleksandra Zielińska, Piotr Eder, Eliana B. Souto, Agnieszka Zawada, Alicja Ewa Ratajczak, Agnieszka Dobrowolska and Iwona Krela-Kaźmierczak

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(15), 5229; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms21155229 - 23 Jul 2020

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 6287

Abstract

Although many preventive and treatment approaches have been proposed, cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains one of the leading causes of deaths worldwide. Current epidemiological data require the specification of new causative factors, as well as the development of improved diagnostic tools to provide better cardiovascular management. Excessive accumulation of adipose tissue among patients suffering from obesity not only constitutes one of the main risk factors of CVD development but also alters adipokines. Increased attention is devoted to bioactive adipokines, which are also produced by the adipose tissue. The retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) has been associated with numerous CVDs and is presumably associated with an increased cardiovascular risk. With this in mind, exploring the role of RBP4, particularly among patients with obesity, could be a promising direction and could lead to better CVD prevention and management in this patient group. In our review, we summarized the current knowledge about RBP4 and its association with essential aspects of cardiovascular disease—lipid profile, intima-media thickness, atherosclerotic process, and diet. We also discussed the RBP4 gene polymorphisms essential from a cardiovascular perspective. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunopathology of Atherosclerosis and Related Diseases: Focus on Molecular Biology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 776 KiB

Open AccessReview

GIP as a Potential Therapeutic Target for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease–A Systematic Review

by Yusaku Mori, Takanori Matsui, Tsutomu Hirano and Sho-ichi Yamagishi

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(4), 1509; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms21041509 - 22 Feb 2020

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 5371

Abstract

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) are gut hormones that are secreted from enteroendocrine L cells and K cells in response to digested nutrients, respectively. They are also referred to incretin for their ability to stimulate insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells in a glucose-dependent manner. Furthermore, GLP-1 exerts anorexic effects via its actions in the central nervous system. Since native incretin is rapidly inactivated by dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4), DPP-resistant GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs), and DPP-4 inhibitors are currently used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes as incretin-based therapy. These new-class agents have superiority to classical oral hypoglycemic agents such as sulfonylureas because of their low risks for hypoglycemia and body weight gain. In addition, a number of preclinical studies have shown the cardioprotective properties of incretin-based therapy, whose findings are further supported by several randomized clinical trials. Indeed, GLP-1RA has been significantly shown to reduce the risk of cardiovascular and renal events in patients with type 2 diabetes. However, the role of GIP in cardiovascular disease remains to be elucidated. Recently, pharmacological doses of GIP receptor agonists (GIPRAs) have been found to exert anti-obesity effects in animal models. These observations suggest that combination therapy of GLP-1R and GIPR may induce superior metabolic and anti-diabetic effects compared with each agonist individually. Clinical trials with GLP-1R/GIPR dual agonists are ongoing in diabetic patients. Therefore, in this review, we summarize the cardiovascular effects of GIP and GIPRAs in cell culture systems, animal models, and humans. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunopathology of Atherosclerosis and Related Diseases: Focus on Molecular Biology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Immunopathology of Atherosclerosis and Related Diseases: Focus on Molecular Biology

Share This Special Issue

Special Issue Editor

Special Issue Information

Keywords

Published Papers (11 papers)

Editorial

Research

Review

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI