Research

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20 pages, 1568 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Olive Oil Improves While Trans Fatty Acids Further Aggravate the Hypomethylation of LINE-1 Retrotransposon DNA in an Environmental Carcinogen Model

by Laszlo Szabo, Richard Molnar, Andras Tomesz, Arpad Deutsch, Richard Darago, Timea Varjas, Zsombor Ritter, Jozsef L. Szentpeteri, Kitti Andreidesz, Domokos Mathe, Imre Hegedüs, Attila Sik, Ferenc Budan and Istvan Kiss

Nutrients 2022, 14(4), 908; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu14040908 - 21 Feb 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2907

Abstract

DNA methylation is an epigenetic mechanism that is crucial for mammalian development and genomic stability. Aberrant DNA methylation changes have been detected not only in malignant tumor tissues; the decrease of global DNA methylation levels is also characteristic for aging. The consumption of [...] Read more.

DNA methylation is an epigenetic mechanism that is crucial for mammalian development and genomic stability. Aberrant DNA methylation changes have been detected not only in malignant tumor tissues; the decrease of global DNA methylation levels is also characteristic for aging. The consumption of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) as part of a balanced diet shows preventive effects against age-related diseases and cancer. On the other hand, consuming trans fatty acids (TFA) increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases as well as cancer. The aim of the study was to investigate the LINE-1 retrotransposon (L1-RTP) DNA methylation pattern in liver, kidney, and spleen of mice as a marker of genetic instability. For that, mice were fed with EVOO or TFA and were pretreated with environmental carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)—a harmful substance known to cause L1-RTP DNA hypomethylation. Our results show that DMBA and its combination with TFA caused significant L1-RTP DNA hypomethylation compared to the control group via inhibition of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) enzymes. EVOO had the opposite effect by significantly decreasing DMBA and DMBA + TFA-induced hypomethylation, thereby counteracting their effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Triglycerides and Triglyceride Metabolism in Human Health)

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12 pages, 1364 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association between Adipose Tissue Depots and Dyslipidemia: The KORA-MRI Population-Based Study

by Ricarda von Krüchten, Roberto Lorbeer, Katharina Müller-Peltzer, Susanne Rospleszcz, Corinna Storz, Esther Askani, Charlotte Kulka, Christopher Schuppert, Wolfgang Rathmann, Annette Peters, Fabian Bamberg, Christopher L. Schlett and Blerim Mujaj

Nutrients 2022, 14(4), 797; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu14040797 - 14 Feb 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2109

Abstract

Obesity increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), however, whether adipose tissue relates to dyslipidemia, and consequently to cardiovascular events remains unknown. Thus, we investigated the association of adipose tissue with circulating lipoproteins and triglycerides (TG) in subjects without CVD. 384 participants from [...] Read more.

Obesity increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), however, whether adipose tissue relates to dyslipidemia, and consequently to cardiovascular events remains unknown. Thus, we investigated the association of adipose tissue with circulating lipoproteins and triglycerides (TG) in subjects without CVD. 384 participants from the KORA-MRI study (mean age 56.2 ± 9.2 years; 41.9% female) underwent whole-body 3T-MRI. Visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) derived from T1-DIXON-sequence using a semi-automatic algorithm. Total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and TG were measured. Linear regression was applied to examine the relationships between adipose tissue, circulating lipoproteins, and TG, adjusting for risk factors. VAT was associated with total cholesterol (per SD increase) (ß = 0.39, p < 0.001). Total adipose tissue (TAT) and VAT were inversely associated with HDL (ß = −0.09, p = 0.009; ß = −0.14, p < 0.001), and positively associated with LDL (ß = 0.32, p < 0.001; ß = 0.37, p < 0.001). All adipose tissues were associated with TG (ß = 0.20, p < 0.001; ß = 0.27, p < 0.001; ß = 0.11, p = 0.004). Stratified analysis by sex and body mass index (BMI) was confirmatory in women and in individuals with BMI < 30. Our results suggest that adipose tissue plays an important role in increasing CVD risk independent of BMI, whereas gender imbalance may be explained by accurate characterization and quantification of adipose tissue. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Triglycerides and Triglyceride Metabolism in Human Health)

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12 pages, 5145 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of 2-Methoxyestradiol, a Main Metabolite of Estradiol on Hepatic ABCA1 Expression in HepG2 Cells

by Tomohiro Ibata, Jingya Lyu, Hitomi Imachi, Kensaku Fukunaga, Seisuke Sato, Toshihiro Kobayashi, Takanobu Saheki, Takafumi Yoshimura and Koji Murao

Nutrients 2022, 14(2), 288; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu14020288 - 11 Jan 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1767

Abstract

ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) is a key regulator of lipid efflux, and the absence of ABCA1 induces hepatic lipid accumulation, which is one of the major causes of fatty liver. 2-Methoxyestradiol (2-ME₂) has been demonstrated to protect against fatty liver. [...] Read more.

ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) is a key regulator of lipid efflux, and the absence of ABCA1 induces hepatic lipid accumulation, which is one of the major causes of fatty liver. 2-Methoxyestradiol (2-ME₂) has been demonstrated to protect against fatty liver. In this study, we investigated the effects of 2-ME₂ on the hepatic lipid content and ABCA1 expression. We found that 2-ME₂ dose-dependently increased ABCA1 expression, and therefore, the lipid content was significantly decreased in HepG2 cells. 2-ME₂ enhanced the ABCA1 promoter activity; however, this effect was reduced after the inhibition of the PI3K pathway. The overexpression of Akt or p110 induced ABCA1 promoter activity, while dominant-negative Akt diminished the ability of 2-ME₂ on ABCA1 promoter activity. Further, 2-ME₂ stimulated the rapid phosphorylation of Akt and FoxO1 and reduced the nuclear accumulation of FoxO1. Chromatin immunoprecipitation confirmed that FoxO1 bonded to the ABCA1 promoter region. The binding was reduced by 2-ME₂, which facilitated ABCA1 gene transcription. Furthermore, mutating FoxO1-binding sites in the ABCA1 promoter region or treatment with FoxO1-specific siRNA disrupted the effect of 2-ME₂ on ABCA1 expression. All of our results demonstrated that 2-ME₂ might upregulate ABCA1 expression via the PI3K/Akt/FoxO1 pathway, which thus reduces the lipid content in hepatocytes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Triglycerides and Triglyceride Metabolism in Human Health)

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10 pages, 593 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Predictive Value of the Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP) for the Risk of Incident Ischemic Heart Disease among Non-Diabetic Koreans

by Julie J. Kim, Jihyun Yoon, Yong-Jae Lee, Byoungjin Park and Dong-Hyuk Jung

Nutrients 2021, 13(9), 3231; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13093231 - 16 Sep 2021

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 3371

Abstract

The atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), composed of triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, is a novel critical marker for assessing the risk of atherogenicity and cardiometabolic health. We aimed to prospectively study the association between AIP and incident ischemic heart disease (IHD) risk [...] Read more.

The atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), composed of triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, is a novel critical marker for assessing the risk of atherogenicity and cardiometabolic health. We aimed to prospectively study the association between AIP and incident ischemic heart disease (IHD) risk in a large cohort of non-diabetic Korean adults. Data were assessed from 17,944 participants without diabetes from the Health Risk Assessment Study (HERAS) and Korea Health Insurance Review and Assessment (HIRA) data. The participants were divided into four groups according to AIP quartiles, calculated as log (triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol). We prospectively assessed hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for IHD using multivariate Cox proportional-hazard regression models over a 50-month period that followed the baseline survey. During the follow-up period, 332 participants (1.9%) developed IHD. HRs of IHD for AIP quartiles 2–4 were 1.58 (95% CI, 1.03–2.43), 1.82 (95% CI, 1.20–2.78), and 2.11 (95% CI, 1.37–3.24) after adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, smoking status, alcohol intake, physical activity, mean arterial blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein level, and hypertension medication. Higher AIP levels may precede and predict the development of IHD in non-diabetic Korean adults. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Triglycerides and Triglyceride Metabolism in Human Health)

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12 pages, 1545 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Decreased Efficiency of Very-Low-Density Lipoprotein Lipolysis Is Linked to Both Hypertriglyceridemia and Hypercholesterolemia, but It Can Be Counteracted by High-Density Lipoprotein

by Ewa Wieczorek, Agnieszka Ćwiklińska, Agnieszka Kuchta, Barbara Kortas-Stempak, Anna Gliwińska and Maciej Jankowski

Nutrients 2021, 13(4), 1224; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13041224 - 08 Apr 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2164

Abstract

Impaired triglyceride-rich lipoprotein plasma catabolism is considered the most important factor for hypertriglyceridemia development. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia on the efficiency of lipoprotein lipase (LPL)-mediated very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)-triglyceride lipolysis and the role of [...] Read more.

Impaired triglyceride-rich lipoprotein plasma catabolism is considered the most important factor for hypertriglyceridemia development. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia on the efficiency of lipoprotein lipase (LPL)-mediated very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)-triglyceride lipolysis and the role of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in this process. Subjects with no history of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and untreated with lipid-lowering agents were recruited into the study and divided into normolipidemic, hypercholesterolemic, and hyperlipidemic groups. VLDL was isolated from serum and incubated with LPL in the absence or presence of HDL. For the hypercholesterolemic and hyperlipidemic groups, a significantly lower percentage of hydrolyzed VLDL-triglyceride was achieved compared to the normolipidemic group (p < 0.01). HDL enhanced the lipolysis efficiency in the hypercholesterolemic and hyperlipidemic groups on average by ~7% (p < 0.001). The lowest electrophoretic mobility of the VLDL remnants indicating the most effective lipolysis was obtained in the normolipidemic group (p < 0.05). HDL presence significantly reduced the electrophoretic mobility of the VLDL remnants for the hypercholesterolemic and hyperlipidemic groups (p < 0.05). The results of our study indicate that VLDL obtained from hypercholesterolemic and hyperlipidemic subjects are more resistant to lipolysis and are additional evidence of the need for early implementation of hypocholesterolemic treatment, already in asymptomatic CVD subjects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Triglycerides and Triglyceride Metabolism in Human Health)

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Review

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60 pages, 1273 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Effect of Dietary Interventions on Hypertriglyceridemia: From Public Health to Molecular Nutrition Evidence

by Karla Paulina Luna-Castillo, Xochitl Citlalli Olivares-Ochoa, Rocío Guadalupe Hernández-Ruiz, Iris Monserrat Llamas-Covarrubias, Saraí Citlalic Rodríguez-Reyes, Alejandra Betancourt-Núñez, Barbara Vizmanos, Erika Martínez-López, José Francisco Muñoz-Valle, Fabiola Márquez-Sandoval and Andres López-Quintero

Nutrients 2022, 14(5), 1104; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu14051104 - 05 Mar 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 6757

Abstract

Approximately 25–50% of the population worldwide exhibits serum triglycerides (TG) (≥150 mg/dL) which are associated with an increased level of highly atherogenic remnant-like particles, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and pancreatitis risk. High serum TG levels could be related to cardiovascular disease, which is [...] Read more.

Approximately 25–50% of the population worldwide exhibits serum triglycerides (TG) (≥150 mg/dL) which are associated with an increased level of highly atherogenic remnant-like particles, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and pancreatitis risk. High serum TG levels could be related to cardiovascular disease, which is the most prevalent cause of mortality in Western countries. The etiology of hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) is multifactorial and can be classified as primary and secondary causes. Among the primary causes are genetic disorders. On the other hand, secondary causes of HTG comprise lifestyle factors, medical conditions, and drugs. Among lifestyle changes, adequate diets and nutrition are the initial steps to treat and prevent serum lipid alterations. Dietary intervention for HTG is recommended in order to modify the amount of macronutrients. Macronutrient distribution changes such as fat or protein, low-carbohydrate diets, and caloric restriction seem to be effective strategies in reducing TG levels. Particularly, the Mediterranean diet is the dietary pattern with the most consistent evidence for efficacy in HTG while the use of omega-3 supplements consumption is the dietary component with the highest number of randomized clinical trials (RCT) carried out with effective results on reducing TG. The aim of this review was to provide a better comprehension between human nutrition and lipid metabolism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Triglycerides and Triglyceride Metabolism in Human Health)

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13 pages, 315 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Role of High Triglycerides Level in Predicting Cognitive Impairment: A Review of Current Evidence

by Alina Mihaela Dimache, Delia Lidia Șalaru, Radu Sascău and Cristian Stătescu

Nutrients 2021, 13(6), 2118; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13062118 - 20 Jun 2021

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 4542

Abstract

The burden of cognitive disorders is huge and still growing, however the etiology and the degree of cognitive impairment vary considerably. Neurodegenerative and vascular mechanisms were most frequently assessed in patients with dementia. Recent studies have shown the possible involvement of triglycerides levels [...] Read more.

The burden of cognitive disorders is huge and still growing, however the etiology and the degree of cognitive impairment vary considerably. Neurodegenerative and vascular mechanisms were most frequently assessed in patients with dementia. Recent studies have shown the possible involvement of triglycerides levels in cognitive function through putative mechanisms such as brain blood barrier dysfunction or amyloid metabolism imbalance, but not all research in the field found this association. Several clinical studies evaluated the relationship between different forms of cognitive decline and levels of serum triglycerides, independent of other cardiovascular risk factors. This review focuses on the role of triglycerides in cognitive decline, cerebral amyloidosis and vascular impairment. Considering that the management of hypertriglyceridemia benefits from lifestyle modification, diet, and specific drug therapy, future studies are requested to appraise the triglycerides–cognitive impairment relationship. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Triglycerides and Triglyceride Metabolism in Human Health)

15 pages, 584 KiB

Open AccessReview

Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins and Their Remnants as Silent Promoters of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease and Other Metabolic Disorders: A Review

by Radu Sascău, Alexandra Clement, Rodica Radu, Cristina Prisacariu and Cristian Stătescu

Nutrients 2021, 13(6), 1774; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13061774 - 22 May 2021

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 5535

Abstract

While targeting elevated serum levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol has been the mainstay of atherosclerosis prevention and treatment for decades, the evidence regarding the atherogenic role of hypertriglyceridemia is still controversial. Various epidemiological population-based studies on statin-treated subjects nominated triglycerides, triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (namely, [...] Read more.

While targeting elevated serum levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol has been the mainstay of atherosclerosis prevention and treatment for decades, the evidence regarding the atherogenic role of hypertriglyceridemia is still controversial. Various epidemiological population-based studies on statin-treated subjects nominated triglycerides, triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (namely, chylomicrons and very-low-density lipoprotein particles), and their remnants as major determinants of the substantial residual cardiovascular risk. With the triglyceride-glucose index and triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein ratio emerging as surrogate indicators of peripheral artery disease and atherosclerotic cerebrovascular disease, one can conclude that further research addressing the intricate relationship between triglycerides and atherosclerosis is warranted. Therefore, this review aims to provide insight into the current clinical and epidemiological state of knowledge on the relationship between triglycerides and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. It also intends to highlight the connection between triglycerides and other metabolic disorders, including diabetes mellitus, and the potential benefits of triglyceride-lowering agents on cardiovascular outcomes and all-cause mortality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Triglycerides and Triglyceride Metabolism in Human Health)

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