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Climate Change and Food Insecurity

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A special issue of Climate (ISSN 2225-1154).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2022) | Viewed by 64566

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Prof. Dr. Christopher Robin Bryant

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School of Environmental Design and Rural Development, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
Interests: the adaptation of human activities to climatic change, especially agriculture; sustainable community development; rural development; land use planning; strategic management/planning of development including agriculture; community participation; the dynamics and planning of urban agriculture; including pioneer work on adaptation behavior under stressful conditions; sustainable transport policies
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Prof. Dr. Andrea Vitali

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Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences DAFNE, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
Interests: cattle; heat stress; animal welfare; GHG emissions; environmental sustainability; mitigation and adaptation to climate change
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Azzeddine Madani

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Professor, Department of Human Sciences, Khemis-Miliana University, Khemis-Miliana 44225, Algeria
Interests: sustainable transport policies; adaptation to climate change in land transport; adaptation of cities to climate change; transport and town planning relationship; mobility; fight against traffic accidents; health geography; smart and green cities; pedestrian and bicycle mobility; new forms of governance
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Dear Colleagues,

Food Insecurity has rapidly become a major issue in many countries in the last 10 years. Food Insecurity has impacted many people in many contexts, such as Developing countries for example in many African states, but as well we can find significant food insecurity issues in many developed countries, sometimes in some of the rural territories located far from major cities but as well Food Insecure populations embedded in urban contexts within cities. Food Insecurity is linked to accessibility (costs and ease of access to healthy foodstuffs) and inevitably to neighborhoods in cities and rural territories where the populations are poor. Climate change can have major effects upon food production and can potentially reduce food production to the point where local populations are in danger of not having access to enough foodstuff at reasonable costs.This Special Issue is interested in a number of issues: how has climate change had major negative impacts on Food Insecurity either in urban neighborhoods or in rural agricultural territories. Furthermore, what are the ways in which this Food Insecurity created by climate change can be remedied, e.g. through modifications in the manner in which foodstuffs (crops as well as foodstuffs of animal origin) are produced, how social organizations can create conditions in which healthy foodstuffs can be made available to poor communities in cities or in rural territories by involving reasonably well-off populations contributing to lowering the prices of foodstuffs made available to poor populations. Many of the initiatives can be created by groups of citizens and by groups of farmers who wish to contribute to reducing Food Insecurity created by climate change and by other factors such as rising costs of foodstuffs to poor consumers.

Prof. Dr. Christopher R. Bryant
Prof. Dr. Andrea Vitali
Dr. Azzeddine Madani
Guest Editors

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Keywords

food insecurity
poor populations in rural territories
poor neighborhoods in many cities
climate change and its negative effects upon the volume of healthy foodstuffs available
climate change and its potential to modify the production of accessible foodstuffs cost wise and simply from the perspective of the volume of healthy foodstuffs
solutions to increasing the production of healthy foodstuffs despite climate change
the roles of different actors such as farmers, urban gardeners, social organizations, governments of different types

Related Special Issue

Climate Change and Food Insecurity: What Future and New Actions? in Climate

Published Papers (12 papers)

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Research

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26 pages, 3818 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Climate Changes in Southeastern Poland and Food Security

by Barbara Sawicka, Piotr Barbaś, Piotr Pszczółkowski, Dominika Skiba, Farhood Yeganehpoor and Barbara Krochmal-Marczak

Climate 2022, 10(4), 57; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cli10040057 - 06 Apr 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4463

Abstract

The conducted research is of particular importance for the country’s food security in the context of climate change in Southeastern Poland. The aim of the research was to determine the influence of climate on the variability of the appearance and the rate of spread of potato blights as the main factor limiting the potato yield in the conditions of Central and Eastern Europe. Combined statistical and simulation modeling methods were used. A mixed effect model was used to detect the effects of temperature, humidity, rainfall and wind speed on potato yield, and partial regression analysis models were used. The natural, agricultural and economic conditions in terms of suitability for potato cultivation were assessed, and factors influencing the fluctuation of the cultivated acreage, yield and harvesting of potatoes were identified. The forecast was based on empirical data from 2000 to 2019. It has been proven that potato cultivation in Southeastern Poland is more vulnerable to climate change than in the rest of the country. The results obtained from analyzing multi-annual results can help policymakers to develop strategies to increase the stability of future potato production and the safety of the crop. This will enable the better use of generated data and methodological approaches to analyze the role of climate, both on a regional and global scale. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Change and Food Insecurity)

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18 pages, 1589 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling the Impact of Future Climate Change Impacts on Rainfed Durum Wheat Production in Algeria

by Tassadit Kourat, Dalila Smadhi and Azzeddine Madani

Climate 2022, 10(4), 50; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cli10040050 - 23 Mar 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4346

Abstract

The predicted climate change threatens food security in the coming years in Algeria. So, this study aims to assess the impact of future climate change on a key crop in Algeria which is rainfed durum wheat. We investigate the impact of climate change on rainfed durum wheat cultivar called Mexicali using AquaCrop crop model and the EURO-CORDEX climate projections downscaled with the ICHEC_KNMI model under RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5. A delta method was applied to correct the incertitudes present in the raw climate projections of two experimental sites located in Sétif and Bordj Bou Arreridj (BBA)’s Eastern High plains of Algeria (EHPs). AquaCrop was validated with a good precision (RMSE = 0.41 tha⁻¹) to simulate Mexicali cultivar yields. In 2035–2064, it is expected at both sites: an average wheat grain yield enhances of +49% and +105% under RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5, respectively, compared to the average yield of the baseline period (1981–2010), estimated at 29 qha⁻¹. In both sites, in 2035–2064, under RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5, the CO₂ concentrations elevation has a fertilizing effect on rainfed wheat yield. This effect compensates for the negative impacts induced by the temperatures increase and decline in precipitation and net solar radiation. An increase in wheat water productivity is predicted under both RCPs scenarios. That is due to the water loss drop induced by the shortening of the wheat-growing cycle length by the effect of temperatures increase. In 2035–2064, early sowing in mid-September and October will lead to wheat yields improvement, as it will allow the wheat plant to benefit from the precipitations increase through the fall season. Thus, this early sowing will ensure a well vegetative development and will allow the wheat’s flowering and grain filling before the spring warming period. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Change and Food Insecurity)

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14 pages, 2614 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Water Profitability Analysis to Improve Food Security and Climate Resilience: A Case Study in the Egyptian Nile Delta

by Adham Badawy, Amgad Elmahdi, Sayed Abd El-Hafez and Ali Ibrahim

Climate 2022, 10(2), 17; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cli10020017 - 30 Jan 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3610

Abstract

The food self-sufficiency policy has always featured as an unquestionable policy objective for Egypt. This is understandable when one considers both the high population growth and the social and political vulnerability associated with a dependence on food imports and world market food prices such as wheat. Intensive agriculture has led to a growing subsidy burden for the Egyptian government. In addition, the agricultural fields in Egypt are commonly distributed with relatively small sizes parcels that usually reduce the reliability of the agricultural sector, particularly in the delta region, to meet the national food policy. On top of that, climate change, through changing weather patterns and increased temperatures, is affecting agricultural yields and thus farmers’ livelihoods. A water profitability analysis was conducted for three governorates in the Nile Delta in Egypt to establish a baseline and assess the net return per unit of water of the main crops in each of these governorates; this can act as a reference of the water profitability of different crops before they are affected by climate change and other internal and external factors. The analysis was based on extensive in-person surveys in each governorate in addition to workshop discussions with farmers. The study has highlighted the impact of a lack of extension services, which limits farmers’ ability to increase their land and water productivity. Farmers with more access to subsidized production inputs managed to achieve higher levels of water profitability even on smaller lands. Finally, we drew from our findings key policy actions to improve water profitability and land productivity for farmers in the Nile Delta to achieve higher levels of food security. This will help build resilient food production systems that are reliable in the face of climate change and other drivers. In addition, an integrated nexus strategy and plan for the inter- and intra-country is recommended to address the challenges related to food and climate security. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Change and Food Insecurity)

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20 pages, 2813 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Is Drought Increasing in Maine and Hurting Wild Blueberry Production?

by Kallol Barai, Rafa Tasnim, Bruce Hall, Parinaz Rahimzadeh-Bajgiran and Yong-Jiang Zhang

Climate 2021, 9(12), 178; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cli9120178 - 08 Dec 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3425

Abstract

A few severe drought events occurred in the Northeast (NE) USA in recent decades and caused significant economic losses, but the temporal pattern of drought incidents and their impacts on agricultural systems have not been well assessed. Here, we analyzed historical changes and patterns of drought using a drought index (standardized precipitation-evapotranspiration index (SPEI)), and assessed drought impacts on remotely sensed vegetation indices (enhanced vegetation index (EVI) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)) and production (yield) of the wild blueberry fields in Maine, USA. We also analyzed the impact of short- and long-term water conditions of the growing season on the wild blueberry vegetation condition and production. No significant changes in the SPEI were found in the past 71 years, despite a significant warming pattern. There was also a significant relationship between the relatively long-term SPEI and the vegetation indices (EVI and NDVI), but not the short-term SPEI (one year). This suggests that the crop vigor of wild blueberries is probably determined by water conditions over a relatively long term. There were also significant relationships between 1-year water conditions (SPEI) and yield for a non-irrigated field, and between 4-year-average SPEI and the yield of all fields in Maine. The vegetation indices (EVI and NDVI) are not good predictors of wild blueberry yield, possibly because wild blueberry yield does not only depend on crop vigor, but also on other important variables such as pollination. We also compared an irrigated and a non-irrigated wild blueberry field at the same location (Deblois, Maine) where we found that irrigation decoupled the relationship between the SPEI and NDVI or EVI. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Change and Food Insecurity)

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16 pages, 1074 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Community-Level Impacts of Climate-Smart Agriculture Interventions on Food Security and Dietary Diversity in Climate-Smart Villages in Myanmar

by Andrew Hanley, Galina Brychkova, Wilson John Barbon, Su Myat Noe, Chan Myae, Phyu Sin Thant, Peter C. McKeown, Julian Gonsalves and Charles Spillane

Climate 2021, 9(11), 166; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cli9110166 - 21 Nov 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4475

Abstract

Diversification of production to strengthen resilience is a key tenet of climate-smart agriculture (CSA), which can help to address the complex vulnerabilities of agriculture-dependent rural communities. In this study, we investigated the relationship between the promotion of different CSA practices across four climate-smart villages (CSVs) in Myanmar. To determine the impact of the CSA practices on livelihoods and health, survey data were collected from agricultural households (n = 527) over three years. Within the time period studied, the results indicate that some the CSA practices and technologies adopted were significantly associated with changes in household dietary diversity scores (HDDS), but, in the short-term, these were not associated with improvements in the households’ food insecurity scores (HFIAS). Based on the survey responses, we examined how pathways of CSA practice adoption tailored to different contexts of Myanmar’s four agroecologies could contribute to the observed changes, including possible resulting trade-offs. We highlight that understanding the impacts of CSA adoption on household food security in CSVs will require longer-term monitoring, as most CSA options are medium- to long-cycle interventions. Our further analysis of knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAPs) amongst the households indicated a poor understanding of the household knowledge, attitudes and practices in relation to nutrition, food choices, food preparation, sanitation and hygiene. Our KAP findings indicate that current nutrition education interventions in the Myanmar CSVs are inadequate and will need further improvement for health and nutrition outcomes from the portfolio of CSA interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Change and Food Insecurity)

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15 pages, 3263 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Geospatial Assessment of Flood-Tolerant Rice Varieties to Guide Climate Adaptation Strategies in India

by Nisha Koppa and Giriraj Amarnath

Climate 2021, 9(10), 151; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cli9100151 - 13 Oct 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 6445

Abstract

Rice is the most important food crop. With the largest rain-fed lowland area in the world, flooding is considered as the most important abiotic stress to rice production in India. With climate change, it is expected that the frequency and severity of the floods will increase over the years. These changes will have a severe impact on the rain-fed agriculture production and livelihoods of millions of farmers in the flood affected region. There are numerous flood risk adaptation and mitigation options available for rain-fed agriculture in India. Procuring, maintaining and distributing the newly developed submergence-tolerant rice variety called Swarna-Sub1 could play an important role in minimizing the effect of flood on rice production. This paper assesses the quantity and cost of a flood-tolerant rice seed variety- Swarna-Sub1, that would be required during the main cropping season of rice i.e., kharif at a district level for 17 major Indian states. The need for SS1 seeds for rice production was assessed by developing a geospatial framework using remote sensing to map the suitability of SS1, to help stakeholders prepare better in managing the flood risks. Results indicate that districts of Bihar, West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh will require the highest amount of SS1 seeds for flood adaptation strategies. The total estimated seed requirement for these 17 states would cost around 370 crores INR, less than 0.01 percent of Indian central government’s budget allocation for agriculture sector. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Change and Food Insecurity)

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16 pages, 686 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Determinants of Smallholder Livestock Farmers’ Household Resilience to Food Insecurity in South Africa

by Vuyiseka A. Myeki and Yonas T. Bahta

Climate 2021, 9(7), 117; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cli9070117 - 13 Jul 2021

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4207

Abstract

This study identified factors affecting livestock farmers’ agricultural drought resilience to food insecurity in Northern Cape Province, South Africa. Data of 217 smallholder livestock farmers were used in a principal component analysis to estimate the agricultural drought resilience index. The structural equation approach was then applied to assess smallholder livestock farmers’ resilience to food insecurity. The study found that most smallholder livestock farmers (81%) were not resilient to agricultural drought. Assets (β = 0.150), social safety nets (β = 0.001), and adaptive capacity (β = 0.171) indicators positively impacted households’ resilience to food insecurity with 5% significance. Climate change indicators negatively impacted households’ resilience to food insecurity. Two variables were included under climate change, focusing on drought, namely drought occurrence (β = −0.118) and drought intensity (β = −0.021), which had a negative impact on household resilience to food insecurity with 10% significance. The study suggests that smallholder livestock farmers need assistance from the government and various stakeholders to minimize vulnerability and boost their resilience to food insecurity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Change and Food Insecurity)

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19 pages, 2445 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Climate Change on Crop Production and Potential Adaptive Measures in the Olifants Catchment, South Africa

by Mary Funke Olabanji, Thando Ndarana and Nerhene Davis

Climate 2021, 9(1), 6; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cli9010006 - 31 Dec 2020

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 10745

Abstract

Climate change is expected to substantially reduce future crop yields in South Africa, thus affecting food security and livelihood. Adaptation strategies need to be implemented to mitigate the effect of climate change-induced yield losses. In this paper, we used the WEAP-MABIA model, driven by six CORDEX climate change data for representative concentration pathways (RCPs) 4.5 and 8.5, to quantify the effect of climate change on several key crops, namely maize, soya beans, dry beans, and sunflower, in the Olifants catchment. The study further investigated climate change adaptation such as the effects of changing planting dates with the application of full irrigation, rainwater harvesting, deficit irrigation method, and the application of efficient irrigation devices on reducing the impact of climate change on crop production. The results show that average monthly temperature is expected to increase by 1 °C to 5 °C while a reduction in precipitation ranging between 2.5% to 58.7% is projected for both RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 relative to the baseline climate for 1976–2005, respectively. The results also reveal that increased temperature and decreased precipitation during planting seasons are expected to increase crop water requirements. A steady decline in crop yield ranging between 19–65%, 11–38%, 16–42%, and 5–30% for maize, soya beans, dry beans, and sunflower, respectively, is also projected under both RCPs climate change scenarios. The study concludes that adaptation measures such as the integration of changing planting dates with full irrigation application and the use of rainwater harvest will help improve current and future crop production under the impact of climate change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Change and Food Insecurity)

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18 pages, 1143 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impacts of Agroclimatic Variability on Maize Production in the Setsoto Municipality in the Free State Province, South Africa

by Abubakar Hadisu Bello, Mary Scholes and Solomon W. Newete

Climate 2020, 8(12), 147; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cli8120147 - 14 Dec 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4406

Abstract

The majority of people in South Africa eat maize, which is grown as a rain-fed crop in the summer rainfall areas of the country, as their staple food. The country is usually food secure except in drought years, which are expected to increase in severity and frequency. This study investigated the impacts of rainfall and minimum and maximum temperatures on maize yield in the Setsoto municipality of the Free State province of South Africa from 1985 to 2016. The variation of the agroclimatic variables, including the Palmer stress diversity index (PSDI), was investigated over the growing period (Oct–Apr) which varied across the four target stations (Clocolan, Senekal, Marquard and Ficksburg). The highest coefficients of variance (CV) recorded for the minimum and maximum temperatures and rainfall were 16.2%, 6.2% and 29% during the growing period. Non-parametric Mann Kendal and Sen’s slope estimator were used for the trend analysis. The result showed significant positive trends in minimum temperature across the stations except for Clocolan where a negative trend of 0.2 to 0.12 °C year⁻¹ was observed. The maximum temperature increased significantly across all the stations by 0.04–0.05 °C year⁻¹ during the growing period. The temperature effects were most noticeable in the months of November and February when leaf initiation and kernel filling occur, respectively. The changes in rainfall were significant only in Ficksburg in the month of January with a value of 2.34 mm year⁻¹. Nevertheless, the rainfall showed a strong positive correlation with yield (r 0.46, p = < 0.05). The overall variation in maize production is explained by the contribution of the agroclimatic parameters; the minimum temperature (R² 0.13–0.152), maximum temperature (R² 0.214–0.432) and rainfall (R² 0.17–0.473) for the growing period across the stations during the study period. The PSDI showed dry years and wet years but with most of the years recording close to normal rainfall. An increase in both the minimum and maximum temperatures over time will have a negative impact on crop yield. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Change and Food Insecurity)

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27 pages, 1872 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Trends of Climate Change and Variability in Three Agro-Ecological Settings in Central Ethiopia: Contrasts of Meteorological Data and Farmers’ Perceptions

by Dula Etana, Denyse J. R. M. Snelder, Cornelia F. A. van Wesenbeeck and Tjard de Cock Buning

Climate 2020, 8(11), 121; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cli8110121 - 22 Oct 2020

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 4579

Abstract

Using gridded daily temperature and rainfall data covering 30 years (1988–2017), this study investigates trends in rainfall, temperature, and extreme events in three agro-ecological settings in central Ethiopia. The Mann Kendall test and Sen’s slope estimator were used to examine the trends and slope of changes in climate indices. The profile of farmers whose perception converges with or diverges from meteorological data was characterized using polling. The average annual temperature has increased by 0.4 and 0.3 °C per decade in the lowland and midland areas, respectively. Average annual rainfall has increased only in the midland areas by 178 mm per decade. Farmers’ perception of increasing temperature fairly aligns with meteorological data. However, there is a noticeable difference between farmers’ perception of rainfall and meteorological data. The perception of farmers with poor economic status, access to media, and higher social capital aligns with measured trends. Conversely, the perception of economically better-off and uneducated farmers diverges from meteorological data. Accurate perception is constrained by the failure of the traditional forecast methods to describe complex weather variabilities and lack of access to down-scaled weather information. The findings highlight the importance of availing specific and agro-ecologically relevant weather forecasts to overcome perceptual problems and to support effective adaptation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Change and Food Insecurity)

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19 pages, 6152 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impacts of Climate Change on the Water Resources of the Kunduz River Basin, Afghanistan

by Noor Ahmad Akhundzadah, Salim Soltani and Valentin Aich

Climate 2020, 8(10), 102; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cli8100102 - 23 Sep 2020

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 6564

Abstract

The Kunduz River is one of the main tributaries of the Amu Darya Basin in North Afghanistan. Many communities live in the Kunduz River Basin (KRB), and its water resources have been the basis of their livelihoods for many generations. This study investigates climate change impacts on the KRB catchment. Rare station data are, for the first time, used to analyze systematic trends in temperature, precipitation, and river discharge over the past few decades, while using Mann–Kendall and Theil–Sen trend statistics. The trends show that the hydrology of the basin changed significantly over the last decades. A comparison of landcover data of the river basin from 1992 and 2019 shows significant changes that have additional impact on the basin hydrology, which are used to interpret the trend analysis. There is considerable uncertainty due to the data scarcity and gaps in the data, but all results indicate a strong tendency towards drier conditions. An extreme warming trend, partly above 2 °C since the 1960s in combination with a dramatic precipitation decrease by more than −30% lead to a strong decrease in river discharge. The increasing glacier melt compensates the decreases and leads to an increase in runoff only in the highland parts of the upper catchment. The reduction of water availability and the additional stress on the land leads to a strong increase of barren land and a reduction of vegetation cover. The detected trends and changes in the basin hydrology demand an active management of the already scarce water resources in order to sustain water supply for agriculture and ecosystems in the KRB. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Change and Food Insecurity)

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16 pages, 752 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Non-Conventional Agricultural Spaces and Climate Change: The Cases of Le Grenier boréal and Lufa Farms in Quebec, Canada

by Mélanie Doyon and Juan-Luis Klein

Climate 2021, 9(10), 148; https://doi.org/10.3390/cli9100148 - 02 Oct 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3387

Abstract

The objective of this text is to present a reflection on the link between local initiatives to combat food insecurity and actions adapting to climate change. To this end, two case studies of ongoing experiments in the Canadian province of Quebec will be presented and compared. While these two cases are very different in terms of location, production and people involved, they share the objective of bringing fresh and healthy food, produced locally, to the population of their territory and of rethinking the relationship of the community to nature through food production. Despite their significant differences, each of these two cases features actions for responding to problems that have a common cause: an agro-industrial food system that, by decoupling the locations of production and consumption, in order to maximize the economic profitability of the capital invested, has compromised both the health of citizens and the ecological balance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Change and Food Insecurity)

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